Antimony hydroxide

Porphyrin, octaethyl-, antimony hydroxide complex cyclic voltammetry, 4, 399 <73JA5140)... 

Antimony Hydroxides or Hydrates.—The three possible hydrates of antimony, as derived from antimony trioxide, are —... 

Antimonites.—They are salts formed from the acids derived from SkiOj, and are obtained from a solution of antimony hydroxides in alkaline liquor. The sodium salts derived from HSbOj are —... 

The benzene layer then contains antimony iodide, which after subsequent treatment with ammonia is converted into the indifferent antimony hydroxide. The excess of iodine can be eliminated by treating the fleck with sodium sulfite. 

No antimony hydroxides are currently known as pigments. There is some historical confusion over the composition of so-called antimony vermilion , which some sources have suggested was an antimony oxide sulfide this compoimd is now thought to be an amorphous antimony sulfide. A red mineral antimony oxide sulfide, kermesite (q.v.), also exists, though this does not appear to have been recorded in pigment use. 

Antimony and bismuth do not react with sodium hydroxide. 

When hydrogen sulphide is bubbled into an acidic solution of an antimony or a bismuth salt an orange precipitate, SbjSs, or a brown precipitate, BijS, is obtained. Bismuth(III) sulphide, unlike antimony(IIl) sulphide, is insoluble in lithium hydroxide. 

Inert Gas Dilution. Inert gas dilution involves the use of additives that produce large volumes of noncombustible gases when the polymer is decomposed. These gases dilute the oxygen supply to the flame or dilute the fuel concentration below the flammability limit. Metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, and some nitrogen-producing compounds function in this way as flame retardants (see Flame retardants, antimony and other inorganic compounds). 

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

Rubidium metal alloys with the other alkaU metals, the alkaline-earth metals, antimony, bismuth, gold, and mercury. Rubidium forms double haUde salts with antimony, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, thorium, and 2iac. These complexes are generally water iasoluble and not hygroscopic. The soluble mbidium compounds are acetate, bromide, carbonate, chloride, chromate, fluoride, formate, hydroxide, iodide. 

A number of complex derivatives of antimony pentoxide with polyhydroxy compounds have been iavestigated as dmgs. The most important of these substances is known as antimony sodium gluconate [16037-91-5] C22H2Q02ySb2 9H20 3Na, which is prepared by the reaction of antimony pentoxide, gluconic acid, and sodium hydroxide (53). 

Stibonic and Stibinic Acids. The stibonic acids, RSbO(OH)2, and stibinic acids, R2SbO(OH), are quite different in stmcture from their phosphoms and arsenic analogues. The stibonic and stibinic acids are polymeric compounds of unknown stmcture and are very weak acids. lUPAC classifies them as oxide hydroxides rather than as acids. Thus CgH3SbO(OH)2 is named phenyl antimony dihydroxide oxide [535-46-6], the Chemical Abstracts n.2ixn.e is dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide [535-46-6], CgH OgSb. 

In this method, a metal oxide or hydroxide is slurried in an organic solvent, neodecanoic acid is slowly added, and the mixture is refluxed to remove the water. Salts that are basic can be prepared by using less than stoichiometric amounts of acid. This method has been used in the preparation of metal salts of silver (80) and vanadium (81). The third method of preparation is similar to the fusion process, the difference is the use of finely divided metal as the starting material instead of the metal oxide or hydroxide. This method has been appHed to the preparation of cobalt neodecanoate (82). Salts of tin (83) and antimony (84) have been prepared by the fusion method, starting with lower carboxyHc acids, then replacing these acids with neodecanoic acid. 

A number of basic materials such as hydroxides, hydrides and amides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals and metal oxides such as zinc oxide and antimony oxide are useful catalysts for the reaction. Acid ester-exchange catalysts such as boric acid, p-toluene sulphonic acid and zinc chloride are less... 

Other flame retardants and/or smoke suppressants can also be used such as magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium-zinc complexes and some tin-zinc compositions. Zinc oxide is a common ingredient in many rubber base formulations used as part of the curing system. At the same time, the action of zinc oxide is similar to that of antimony trioxide, but less effective. 

Metall-oxyd, n. metallic oxide, -oxydhydrat, n. metal (lie) hydroxide, -papier, n. metal (lie) paper, -poliermittel, n. metal polish, -probe, /, test for metal, assay, -putzmittel, n. metal polish, -rohr, n., -rbhre, /. metal tube oi-pipe, -rohrehett, n. (small) metal tube or pipe, -riickstand, m. metallic residue, -sa-fran, m. crocus of antimony, -salz, n. metallic salt. 

Heating with the following solids, their fusions, or vapours (a) oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, nitrates, nitrites, sulphides, cyanides, hexacyano-ferrate(III), and hexacyanoferrate(II) of the alkali and alkaline-earth metals (except oxides and hydroxides of calcium and strontium) (b) molten lead, silver, copper, zinc, bismuth, tin, or gold, or mixtures which form these metals upon reduction (c) phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or silicon, or mixtures which form these elements upon reduction, particularly phosphates, arsenates,... 

A similar procedure may also be used for the determination of antimony(V), whilst antimony (III) may be determined like arsenic(III) by direct titration with standard iodine solution (Section 10.113), but in the antimony titration it is necessary to include some tartaric acid in the solution this acts as complexing agent and prevents precipitation of antimony as hydroxide or as basic salt in alkaline solution. On the whole, however, the most satisfactory method for determining antimony is by titration with potassium bromate (Section 10.133). 

Chemicals such as magnesium and lead oxides, calcium hydroxide, antimony tri- and pentasulphide can be used as boosters for organic accelerators for some products, such as thick walled large volume articles, e.g., rollers. 

Antimony trioxide and chlorinated paraffinic derivatives are common materials used as fire retardants, as are intumescent zinc (or calcium) borate, aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. These inorganic materials, used as bulk fillers, act to reduce the fire hazard. Halogenated materials release chlorine, which then combines with the antimony trioxide to form the trichloride, which is a flame suppressant. 

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