Physiological behavior

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

Cis and trans isomers differ from one another in their physical and, to a lesser extent, their chemical properties. They may also differ in their physiological behavior. For example, the compound ris-9-tricosene... 

An alternative viewpoint for structure-activity investigations is to utilize quantitative models as probes into the mechanism of action of the set of compounds being studied. In this case it is most useful if the molecular descriptors are explicitly meaningful in terms of chemical reactivity or physiological behavior, e.g., distribution of the compound in an organism (see Table II). In a previous symposium, (18), we described our application of this approach toward the development of a quantitative structure-potency expression, equation 1,... 

Figure 7.7 Physiological behavior of cisDDP in vivo. Aquation reactions followed by guanine N7 ligand attachment.

Laska, M., Salazar, L.T.H. and Luna, E.R. (2003) Succesful acquistion of an olfactory discrimination paradigm by spider monkeys, Ateles geoffroyi. Physiology Behavior 78, 321-329. 

Advantages and Disadvantages. Advantages of using monkeys in safety assessment studies include their phylogenetic proximity, as well as their physiological, behavioral, and, often, metabolic similarities, to humans (Table 16.13). An example is the similarity between the ovarian cycle of female monkeys and women (Mazue and Richez, 1982), which makes the monkey the ideal animal model for reproductive studies. Another advantage associated with most species of monkeys used in safety assessment studies is that they are much smaller than nonrodents such as the dog and, thus like the ferret, require less test compound. 

Less test material needed than for other nonrodent species Physiological, behavioral, and often, metabolic similarities to man... 

Biomarker of effect. A measurable biochemical, physiologic, behavioral, or other alteration in an organism that, depending on the magnitude,... 

The anthropogenic radionuclides of most concern are those produced as fission products from nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. The most devastating release from the latter source to date resulted from the April 26, 1986, explosion, partial meltdown of the reactor core, and breach of confinement structures by a power reactor at Chernobyl in the Ukraine. This disaster released 5 x 107 Ci of radionuclides from the site, which contaminated large areas of Soviet Ukraine and Byelorussia, as well as areas of Scandinavia, Italy, France, Poland, Turkey, and Greece. Radioactive fission products that are the same or similar to elements involved in life processes can be particularly hazardous. One of these is radioactive iodine, which tends to accumulate in the thyroid gland, which may develop cancer or otherwise be damaged as a result. Radioactive cesium exists as the Cs+ ion and is similar to sodium and potassium in its physiological behavior. Radioactive strontium forms the Sr2+ ion and substitutes for Ca2+, especially in bone. 

We presented an overview of what we consider to be the current outstanding problems in understanding the photophysics of hypericin and its analogs. Many questions remain unanswered, and a wealth of theoretical and experimental techniques will be required to address them. It is surprising that given the richness of the physical, chemical, biological, and physiological behaviors of hypericin and... 

Hofmeister, F. (1888). On the understanding of the effect of salts. Second report. On regularities in the precipitating effects of salts and their relationship to their physiological behavior. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exper. Path. Pharmakol. (Leipzig) 24 247-260. 

Arakawa, O. (1994). Effects of methamphetamine and methylphenidate on single and paired rat open-field behaviors. Physiology Behavior, 55, 441—446. 

Bloch-Shilderman, E., Rabinovitz, I., Egoz, I., Raveh, L., Allon, N., Grauer, E., Gilat, E., Weissman, B.A. (2008). Subchronic exposure to low-doses of the nerve agent VX physiological, behavioral, histopathological and neurochemical studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 231 17-23. 

Polymer-bound heme derivatives, physiological behavior of 88-YGK879. 

Many enantiomers show different physiological behaviors and it is, therefore, desirable to have reliable methods for the resolution of racemates and the determination of the enantiomeric purity. To this end, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a simple, sensitive, economic, and fast method which allows easy control of a synthetic process and can be used for preparative separations. 

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