Historical Associations

The use of herbs and spices in the flavoring of foods is almost as old as man himself. Few other commodities have had such a profound effect upon world history, and their role in shaping the destiny of nations is a long and fascinating story. The spice 

FIGURE 8.1 Imports of major herbs into the U.S. (FromFurth, R, Summary of Market Trends and Herbs Consumption in The United States, FFF Associates, 2001. With permission.) 

The value of these natural flavoring materials, particularly black pepper, in converting otherwise monotonous diets into something appetizing was quickly 

Spice Botanical Source Family Plant Usei 

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In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

If these places stiU do not yield experts or professionals whom you can interview, you can always check your local, national, or even an international phone book to look up any societies, museums, cultural institutions, and perhaps, even private phone numbers of potential primary source individuals. Even if a living family member of President John E Kennedy is not available for information, perhaps a famous biographer or professor would be willing to speak about the topic. There may also be a special historical association or website devoted chiefly to his presidency. 

Toxicophore analysis Evaluation of chemical moieties historically associated with safety issues, for example, genotoxidly, cationic amphiphilic drugs and phosphohpidosis, tertiary amines that are charge neutral at physiologic pH and vacuohzation... 

Figure i.i. What is the difference between a natural product and a Natural Product To chemists the answer was simple. When a chemist uses the term Natural Product (or sadly, even natural product without capitalisation), they refer to a naturally synthesised substance that is not made by all organisms but is made by only a few species. However, the term natural product is now much more widely used by the rest of society to mean anything not manufactured. This ambiguity is very unhelpful consequently, this book will adopt the termNP for Natural Product, the term NP being chosen for its historical association and language independence. 

Fig. 1.5. Phylogeny of the deuterostomes indicating position of oldest fossil taxa against the geological record. All neodermatans parasitize vertebrates and, if present, host associations represent historical associations the Neodermata must have parasitized the stem group Gnathostomata between the Cambrian and Ordovician. Tree redrawn from Rowe (2004).

Because science has been highly successful in dealing with the physical world, it has been historically associated with a philosophy of physical ism, the belief that reality is all reducible to certain... 

Because of its historical association, the original ring numbering (1) adopted by Fischer is still used in preference to that of the Bing Index,7 standard for purine analogs, which designates purine as 9-(or 7-)/f-imidazo(4,5-dJpyrimidine. 

The upshot is this. The argument from the hermeneutic use of the notion of conceptual scheme to relativism is wrong. The hermeneutic use of the notion in itself is completely innocuous. But it does have an element which may be misunderstood in a way that leads to relativistic conclusions. So the historical association of relativism and the hermeneutic use of the notion is not accidental. But it is grounded in serious mistakes. 

The historical association of epigenesis with embryonic development has been so close that the two terms are sometimes taken as synonymous, and this has been unfortunate because it has probably prevented biologists from realising that a convergent increase of complexity is a universal feature of life. The definitions of life which have appeared in the last 200 years (starting with Lamarck s entry) have produced a long list of supposedly essential characteristics (heredity, metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis, adaptation, autopoiesis, etc.), but none of them has explicitly mentioned epigenesis (for a list of such definitions see Appendix). 

The studies reviewed in this chapter demonstrate that a strong and reciprocal relationship exists between the central nervous system and the immune system. Indeed, the term neuroim-mune system is clearly justified and appropriate to emphasize the fact that nervous and lymphoid tissues constitute a unified system that functions in the maintenance of homeostasis. The conventional division between the two systems has blurred, as well as the distinction between neuropeptides on the one hand, and immune cytokines on the other. Two lines of research have altered our perspective on neuroimmune interactions (a) the identification of conventional neuropeptides and then-receptors, especially those related to the HPA axis, in most lymphoid tissues, and (b) the large body of evidence that cytokines, historically associated with immune system communication, play vital roles in nervous function. 

Perchlorate is concentrated by plants, especially in the leaves, that are irrigated with water-containing perchlorate. Perchlorate has been detected in vegetation and wildlife (aquatic insects, fish, frogs, mammals) near an ammunition plant historically associated with perchlorate-containing rocket propellants. There has been limited testing of perchlorate in aquatic species, soil invertebrates, and amphibians. Results in aquatic species are inconclusive because of the lack of cation controls. Perchlorate appears to inhibit thyroid activity and alter gonadal differentiation in amphibians at concentrations found in surface water. 

In addition to a normal eye, vision requires an intact circuit to and from the brain itself. The optic nerve (cranial nerve II), for example, carries retinal information to the occipital cortex in the posterior aspects of the brain. In addition, information concerning pupil size, direction of gaze, simultaneous movement of the eyes (conjugate gaze), and focus clarity is relayed from the brain back to the eye through multiple nerves. Ethambutol, an antituberculous medication, affects the optic nerves (optic neuropathy) whereas organic mercury compounds have been historically associated with toxic effects on the occipital cortex (cortical blindness). 

The series mission was expanded some time ago to include profiles of excipient materials, reflecting that these materials require the full degree of scrutiny historically associated with drug compounds. These highly detailed compilations of excipient properties and analytical methods have been well received by workers in the field, and such profiles will continue to be sought. In the present volume, the series mission is further expanded to include a profile of a natural product which has been used as a precursor material in the synthesis of new drug candidates. If this information proves to be of interest to the pharmaceutical community, additional chapters of this type will be developed. 

Berlandier, J.L. 1980. Journey to Mexico During the Years 1826 to 1834. 2 vols. Translated by Sheila M. Ohlendorf, Josette M. Bigelow and Mary M. Standifer, with an introduction by C.H. Muller. Botanical notes by C.H. Muller and Katherine K. Muller. Austin The Texas State Historical Association in cooperation with the Center for Studies in Texas History, University of Texas. 

It may not be superfluous to point out here with due emphasis that consciously the dreamer had no inkling of all this but in his unconscious he is immersed in this sea of historical associations so that he behaves in his dreams as if he were fully cognizant of this curious phenomenon in the history of the human mind. He is in fact an unconscious exponent of the autonomous psyche and its development, just like the Medieval alchemist or the classical neoplatonist. Hence one could say, with a grain of salt, that history could be constructed just as easily from one s own unconscious as from the actual texts.73... 

Because science has been highly successful in dealing with the physical world, it has been historically associated with a philosophy of physicalism, the belief that reality is all reducible to certain kinds of physical entities. The vast majority of phenomena of d-ASCs have no known physical manifestations thus to physicalistic philosophy they are epiphenomena, not worthy of study. But since science deals with knowledge, it need not restrict itself to physical kinds of knowledge. 

Page, R.D.M. (1994). Maps between trees and cladistic analysis of historical associations among genes, organisms, and areas. Systematic Biol. 43, 58—77. 

Jack Becker is an associate librarian at Texas Tech University. He is the librarian for history and aiumal care. He has been published in the West Texas Historical Association Yearbook, Journal of Southwest Cultures, and Journal of Ethno-American History. 

Anderson, H.A. (2002). Long, Stephen Harriman. Handbook of Texas online. Texas State Historical Association Austin TX. 

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