Antigens immunization

Garcia-Lora, A., Algarra, L, and Garrido, E., 2003, MHC class 1 antigens, immune surveillance, and tumor immune escape, J. of Cell. Physiol. 195 346-355. 

The presence of oligoclonal free kappa and lambda chains in CSF is a sensitive indication for recent antigenic immune response within the central nervous system, comparable with IgM. The detection of oligoclonal free kappa chains in CSF supports the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. In addition, free light chains can also be found in the CSF of patients having inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (LI). 

Weiner, G.J., Liu, H.M., Wooldridge, J.E., Dahle, C.E. and Krieg, A.M. (1997) Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides containing the CpG motif are effective as immune adjuvants in tumor antigen immunization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 10833-10837. 

There are several types of vaccine antigens. The most common antigens used for vaccine development are protein antigens. Immune epitopes may also be manufactured and used for vaccine development. Other molecules can also be used as vaccine antigens (e.g., lipopolysaccharide) (6). The commonly used databases for protein and epitope antigens are introduced here. 

Synthesize hapten Couple hapten Purify antigen Characterize antigen Immunize animal Titer antibody Characterize antibody... 

Slusarczyk, J., Michalak, T., Mazarewicz-de Mezer, T., Krawczynski, K., and No-woslawski, A., Membranous glomerulopathy associated with hepatitis B core antigen immune complexes in children. Am. J. Pathol. 98, 29-43 (1980). 

Type III IgM, IgG complexed with antigen (immune complexes) leading to inflammation Type IV T-cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity... 

Differences that matter Major cytotoxic T cell-stimulating minor histocompatibility antigens. Immunity 13(3), 333-344. 

Pneumococcal vaccines produced by different manufacturers are currently available, for example Pneumovax 23 produced by Merck Sharp Dohme and Pnu-Imune 23 produced by Lederle Laboratories. Each vaccine dose (0.5 ml) contains 25 pg of each polysaccharide antigen. Immunization is recommended for people who are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal disease because of underlying chronic health conditions and for older people. About 50% of vaccinees develop mild adverse effects, such as erythema and pain at the injection site. Fever, myalgia, and severe local reactions have been reported in under 1% of vaccinees. Severe systemic reactions, such as anaphylaxis have been rarely reported. 

The functions of the classical complement pathway are similar to those described for the alternative pathway, i.e. opsonization, leucocyte activation and membrane lysis of target cells. The classical pathway can additionally lead to complement protein deposition upon insoluble anti-body-antigen immune complexes circulating within blood, and in doing so promote the clearance of such potentially harmful complexes by Kupffer cells of the liver. The presence of two complement pathways provides for rapid (alternative) and specific (classical) activation of a key defence mechanism, and offers greater protection... 

Some basic immunology and definition of a few common terms will allow understanding of the central concepts of immunoassay. Antibodies are serum proteins which bind to specific molecules, called antigens, due to a complementarity of chemical structure between antibody and antigen. Immunization with an antigen preferentially induces the production of antibodies specific for... 

Gutgemann I, Fahrer AM, Altman JD, Davis MM, ChienYH Induction of rapid T cell activation and tolerance by systemic presentation of an orally administered antigen. Immunity 1998 8 667-673. 

Conducting a stand-alone study in nonhuman primates is often not practical due to animal cost and availability. In these instances, incorporation of antigen immunization in the standard toxicity studies is justified and generally believed not to affect the interpretation of compound effects on standard toxicity end points. 

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