Antigenicity, adaptive immune

Parallel to orchestrating acute inflammatory processes by providing an optimal milieu of cytokines, mediators, and adhesion molecules in order to recruit and activate effector cells to the site of infection, dendritic cells also setve as professional antigen-presenting cells for cells of the adaptive immune system ( antigen presentation ... 

Immune Defense. Figure 3 Drugs involved in suppressing innate and adaptive immune response. Abbreviations mob monoclonal antibody, TCR T-cell antigen receptor, IL-2 interleukin-2, R receptor, CD cluster of differentiation. 

Vaccination to induce an adaptive immune response is expected for a broad range of infectious diseases and cancers. Traditional vaccines are mainly composed of live attenuated viruses, whole inactivated pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins. In general, these approaches have been successful for developing vaccines that can induce an immune response based on antigen-specific antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which kill host cells infected with intracellular organisms (Fig. 1) [1,2], One of the most important current issues in vaccinology is the need for new adjuvants (immunostimulants) and delivery systems. Many of the vaccines currently in development are based on purified subunits, recombinant... 

Uto T, Wang X, Akagi T et al (2009) Improvement of adaptive immunity by antigen-carrying biodegradable nanoparticles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 379 600-604... 

In summary, although numerous AhR-dependent changes in the bone marrow and thymus have been found in TCDD-treated mice, it appears that these effects are self-limiting in adult mice, as T and B cell numbers are not reduced in secondary lymphoid tissue except after exposure to high doses of TCDD or in the context of an adaptive immune response. More subtle effects, such as changes in the antigenic specificity of peripheral T and B lymphocyte populations, have not been documented. 

The specific, or adaptive, immune system is characterized by memory, specificity, and the ability to distinguish self from nonself. The important cells of the adaptive immune system are the lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells that are... 

Although closely related, monocytes/macrophages (MO) possess features that are distinct from DCs. Due to their limited expression of T-cell costimulatory molecules, MO are not able to prime T cells de novo, but rather stimulate effector/memory T cells by the secretion of cytokines, which support T-cell proliferation. As DCs, MO differentiate from myeloid precursors and form a heterogeneous population of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that link the innate and adaptive immune systems. However, their ability to interact with T cells via MHC class II TCR interaction(s) as well as engagement of T-cell costimulatory receptors on their surface, makes close contact between MO and Tregs likely to occur in vivo. 

Fig.1. Mast cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity. Activation of mast cells by TLR ligands induces a fast local inflammatory response. Mast cell-derived mediators also promote the migration of antigen-laden LCsfrom the skin to the regional LNs, where a specific adaptive immune response is induced.

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