Immune response antigen-antibody binding

Haptens, a special class of antigen, are small molecules that induce specific antibody production when they are attached to a protein that acts as a carrier. Phosphorylcholine is one such hapten that has been widely used in the investigation of immune responses. The specific binding of this hapten... 

To initiate a T-cell immune response, antigen presenting cells have to display antigenic peptides com-plexed with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on their cell surface. The T-cell receptor of CDS cells is specific for the peptide-MHC class I complex while the CD4 cell receptor binds the peptide-MHC class II complex. This binding of the peptide-MHC II complex stimulates CD4 cell proliferation and subsequent lymphokine release. This CD4 cell response can initiate a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. However CD4 activation and the production of various lymphokines is also needed for the generation of cytotoxic T-cells and for the differentiation of plasma cells from B-lymphocytes and the antibody response by these plasma cells. For their role in also the humoral immune response CD4 cells are called T-helper cells. 

A cascade of proteins of the immune response that can be triggered by antigen-antibody complexes and by the innate immune system (e.g. exposure to microbial polysaccharides) to raise the immune response. Complement proteins can detect and bind to foreign material or immune complexes and label them for phagocytosis. They can also cause inflammation by directly degranulating mast cells and releasing chemokines to recruit other immune cells into the affected area. 

Rotavirus enterotoxin protein NSP4 fused to CTB Potato Fusion proteins assembled into cholera holo-toxin-like structures that retained enterocyte-binding affinity Orally immunized mice generated levels of serum and mucosal antibodies specific for the native antigen. Induced TH1 immune response. 63,64... 

An epitope is an antigenic determinant of the pathogen. It consists of certain chemical groups that are antigenic, which means that it will elicit a specihc immune response by binding to antibodies. 

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