Cancer immunity Antigens

Hamdy S, Molavi O, Ma Z et al (2008) Co-delivery of cancer-associated antigen and Toll-like receptor 4 ligand in PLGA nanoparticles induces potent CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Vaccine 26 5046-5057... 

The appearance of any such cancer-associated antigen should thus be capable of inducing an immune response, which, if successful, should eradicate the transformed cells. The exact elements... 

The appearance of any such cancer-associated antigen should thus be capable of inducing an immune response which, if successful, should eradicate the transformed cells. The exact elements of immunity responsible for destruction of transformed cells remain to be fully characterized. Both a humoral and cell-mediated response can be induced, although the T cell response appears to be the most significant. 

Valmori, D., Dutoit, V., Ayyoub, M., et al. (2003) Simultaneous CD8+ T cell responses to multiple tumor antigen epitopes in a multipeptide melanoma vaccine. Cancer Immun. 3,15. 

Darnell RB. Onconeural antigens and the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders At the intersection of cancer, immunity, and the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996 93(10) ... 

Theratope is a cancer vaccine that consists of modified tumor glycopeptide antigens for patients with advanced breast cancer. The antigen is attached to Keyhole Limpet Hemocy-anin (KLH) protein to increase the immune response to the vaccine. The vaccine uses a carbohydrate antigen known as STn, part of a larger antigen, mucin-1, found on breast cancer cells. Theratope is in phase III human trial, which has as an endpoint of increased survival. 

Figure 34. The Synovial Sarcoma fusion oncoprotein was recognized as New York NY-ESO cancer testis class (CTA) antigen (Ayyoub M et al Cancer Immun 2004...

Ishida T, Obata Y, Ohara N, Matsushita H, Sato S, Uenaka A, Saika T, Miyamura T, Chayama K, Nakamura Y, Wada H, Yamashita T, Morishi A t. Old LJ, Nakayama E. Identification of the HERV-R gag antigen in prostate cancer by SEREX using autologous patient serum and its immunogenicity. Cancer Immun. 2008 8 15. 

Jager E, Stockert E, Zidianakis Z, Chen YT, Karbach J, Jager D, Arand M, Ritter G, Old LJ, Knuth A (1999) Humoral immune responses of cancer patients against Cancer-Testis antigen NY-ESO-l correlation with clinical events. Int J Cancer 84 506-510... 

The ahscopal effecL however, is not often observed, possibly because of the weak immune reaction. The majority of cancer antigens are the same as those expressed on normal tissues or are sUghtly modified mutants (Friedman 2002) and tumors can escape from the immune system. Because of this, cancer cells are often unable to activate naive T cells independently because they lack co-stimulatory molecules (Chen et aL 1992 Townsend and Allison 1993). To induce abscopal effects efficiently, the development of new methods to induce cancer-specific antigens by radiation appears necessary. 

It is suggested that altered cells which could be potentially malignant are recognized by the immune system and eliminated. This must mean that cancer cells possess new antigens on their cell surface. These antigens have been identified and can be categorized into three groups. 

The sterols and sterolins in rice bran are potent immunomodulators. The best response was obtained with a 100 1 sterol/sterolin mixture that demonstrated T-cell proliferation from 20% to 920% and active cell antigens after four weeks in human subjects (Bouic et al, 1996). Another in vitro experimental study with sterol/sterolins, demonstrated a significant increase in cytokinines, interleukin-2 and y-interferon between 17% and 41 % in addition to an increase in natural killer cell activity. These experiments (Bouic et al, 1996) prove that sterol/sterolins are potent immunomodulators with important implications for the treatment of immune dysfunction. Rice bran products are excellent dietary supplements for the improvement of immune function. It is probable that the effects of rice bran on diabetes, CVD and cancer all result from improved immune function. 

The cell surface contains antigens, which are referred to as CD, which stands for cluster of differentiation. The antibodies are produced against a specific antigen. When administered, usually by an intravenous injection, the antibody binds to the antigen, which may trigger the immune system to result in cell death through complement-mediated cellular toxicity, or the antigen-antibody cell complex may be internalized to the cancer cell, which results in cell death. Monoclonal antibodies also may carry radioactivity, sometimes referred to as hot antibodies, and may be referred to as radioimmunotherapy, so the radioactivity is delivered to the cancer cell. Antibodies that contain no radioactivity are referred to as cold antibodies. 

Bladder tumor-associated antigen (BTA), a human complement factor H, is produced by bladder cancer cells (men two to three times as often as women). Cancer cells are sometimes seen in urine samples by microscope cytoscopy (examination of the bladder with an instrument inserted into the urethra), which can reveal abnormal areas. Biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Early stage cancer confined to the bladder wall can often be removed with a cytoscope. If several tumors are present, they are removed by infusing the bladder with a solution containing bacteria able to stimulate the immune system. 

Vaccination to induce an adaptive immune response is expected for a broad range of infectious diseases and cancers. Traditional vaccines are mainly composed of live attenuated viruses, whole inactivated pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins. In general, these approaches have been successful for developing vaccines that can induce an immune response based on antigen-specific antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which kill host cells infected with intracellular organisms (Fig. 1) [1,2], One of the most important current issues in vaccinology is the need for new adjuvants (immunostimulants) and delivery systems. Many of the vaccines currently in development are based on purified subunits, recombinant... 

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