Antibodies stimulation

Not all antigen-antibody reactions are of benefit to the body, as sometimes the complexes (or their subsequent interaction with body tissues) may result in tissue damage. This must be regarded as a malfunction of the immune system and is known as a hypersensitive reaction. These reactions can be categorized into five main types. The first three involve the interaction between antigen and humoral antibody, and as the onset of the reaction is rapid, the condition is termed immediate hypersensitivity. The fourth type (delayed hypersensitivity) involves T cells and the symptoms of the reaction appear after 24 hours. The fifth type is where antibody stimulates cell function. 

ATLURU s, ATLURU D (1991) Evidence that genistein, a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits CD28 monoclonal antibody stimulated human T-cell proliferation. Transplantation. 51 448-50. 

B lymphocytes may be activated by a cell-cell interaction with T lymphocytes, i.e., they are stimulated to proliferate and produce antibodies. Stimulation of B lymphocytes takes place in a complex with T lymphocytes and this complex formation is mediated by a number of protein-protein interactions of membrane proteins from both cell types. The proteins involved are receptor systems with corresponding hgands on the partner cell. Tlie hgands are either secreted proteins or membrane proteins that speci-ficaUy bind to receptors on the surface of the partner cell, which in this case is a B or T lymphocyte. 

Yarden, Y. (1990). Agonistic antibodies stimulate the kinase encoded by the neu protooncogene in living cells but the oncogenic mutant is constitutively active. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87(7) 2569-2573. 

CD20 has a role in apoptosis, and binding of the antibody stimulates apoptosis. This means that even without recruitment of complement or ADCC antibodies can trigger a cytotoxic effect. 

Lutz, H. U., Stammler, P., and Fasler, S. (1990). How naturally occurring anti-band 3 antibodies stimulate C3b deposition to senescent and oxidatively stressed red blood cells. Biomed. Biochim. Acta 49, S224-S229. 

Derivatives prepared by modification at the carboxyl group of glucuronic acid were active for antibody stimulation and CTL induction. Derivatives prepared by modification of the aldehyde function were inactive for both responses suggesting that this group may be involved in the adjuvant mechanism. The loss of adjuvant activity was not necessarily due to the loss of surface activity (CMC and hemolytic titers were high) but to a cellular interaction via Schiff base formation [33]. 

Vegetable TPPPS Taishan Pinus massoniana increase the lymphocyte ratio and the production of Bordetella avium antibodies, stimulation IFN-y and IL-2 in-vivo [66] [67] [68] [69]... 

Whereas injection of PACAP inhibits acid secretion, when this is done in the presence of antisomatostatin antibody, stimulation of acid secretion results. D cells have VIP receptors hence, injection of PACAP will nonselectively release somatostatin. Local neural release will result in ECL cell stimulation and acid secretion. VIP nerves are presumably those that stimulate the D cell. PACAP... 

Ewert BH, Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies stimulate neutrophils to damage human endothelial cells. Kidney Int 1992 4L375-383. 

Lu X, Garfield A, Rainger GE, et al. Mediation of endothehal cell damage by serine proteases, but not superoxide released from antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-stimulated neutrophils. Arthritis Rheum 2006 54 1619-1628. 

This procedure has been apphed to the search for enzymes for the hydrolysis of esters. The compound used to mimic the tetrahedral transition state is a tetrahedral phosphonate (1). When the antibody stimulated to interact with... 

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