Antibody agglutination

In the presence of each other, antigens and antibodies agglutinate (bind). The forces that bind them are principally due to hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by surrounding water molecules also ensures cohesion. 

Cytolytic Antigen associated Free Antibody Agglutination with... 

The complementary techniques of protease treatment and antibody agglutination show that the Chi a-proteins of PS II (47 and 43 kDa apoproteins) [27] and the 68 kDa apoprotein(s) of PS I [28] all have sites exposed at both the stromal and the lumenal membrane surfaces. Similarly, both of the major apoproteins of LHC II traverse the membrane [27,28]. The gene sequences of the Chi a-proteins of both... 

GlUnvo and by the stepwise decrease in molecular weight of 5 in Western blot, [8] and table 1. e Carboxypeptidase Y, digesting S in situ, takes off about 5-10 residues, [8] and table 1 e in both cases No reaction any more with the separated inhibiting antibodies (agglutination and blot, table 1)... 

Reactions which can be used for the detection of antigens located on the surface of cells (e.g. erythrocytes) or particles (e.g. latex particles). In the presence of antibody, agglutination occurs because of the cross-linking of the cells or particles by the antibody. 

Turbidimetric Agglutination Immunoassays. Agglutination—precipitation immunoassays were among the first practical appHcations of the antigen—antibody reaction in diagnostic tests. These assays are not as widely used in the 1990s as EIA and FIA because they are either not quantitative enough or lack the sensitivity limits of RIA, EIA, and EIA. 

Latex agglutination immunoassays are easily formatted into simple kits which can provide yes/no and semiquantitative estimates of antigen (or antibody) in a sample. The first such assay was developed in 1957 for rheumatoid factor (15) and assays are on the market for the deterrnination of many species of bacteria, fungi. Mycoplasma, parasites, ckettsia, and vimses, as well as for the deterrnination of autoimmune disease, hormones (qv), dmgs (see Pharmaceuticals), and blood proteins (16). Latex agglutination is also the basis of many home pregnancy tests. 

The agglutination of incompatible red blood cells, which indicates that the body s immune system has recognized the presence of foreign cells in the body and has formed antibodies against them, results from the presence of polysaccharide markers on the surface of the cells. Types A, B, and O red blood cells... 

Universal anti-Rh sera deprived of anti-A or B-antibodies were prepared by contacting A and B-immunoadsorbents with human blood sera. To achieve zero titer in the Coombs agglutination test a portion of immunoadsorbent (80-160 mg) proportional to the initial serum titer (1 8-1 64, 1 ml) is required. The incorporation of A-immunoadsorbent into anti-B sera did not interfere with their titer and vice versa, Under the same circumstances an anti-Rh serum titer is lowered by one step or remains unchanged [125], Properties of this composite sorbent are therefore promising for its use in extracorporal hemisorption processes. 

Kung, V.T., Maxim, P.E., Veltri, R.W., and Martin, F.J. (1985) Antibody-bearing liposomes improve agglutination of latex particles used in clinical diagnostic assays. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 839, 105-109. 

S. Kurosawa, E. Tawara, N. Kamo, F. Ohta, and T. Hosokawa, Latex piezoelectric immunoassay detection of agglutination of antibody-bearing latex using a piezoelectric quartz crystal. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38,1117-1120 (1990). 

In most patients, serologic evidence remains the primary method in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Results obtained from complement fixation, immunodiffusion, and latex antigen agglutination antibody tests are used... 

Another drug that is associated with a relatively high incidence of both drug-de-pendent and autoimmune antibodies is diclofenac [38], In some cases the specificity of the diclofenac-induced autoantibodies is very similar to that induced by a-methyldopa [39], Diclofenac is a secondary aromatic amine and is oxidized to reactive metabolites by both cytochromes P450 and myeloperoxidase [40], When patient sera were tested, it was addition of the 4-hydroxy metabolite that most commonly led to agglutination of red cells [41] this metabolite has the potential to be air oxidized to a reactive iminoquinone. 

Agglutination Particulate or cellular Mainly qualitative Blood grouping Detection of antibodies... 

Apart from antibodies detected by (a) the schizont-infected red cell agglutination test, (b) the agglutination of sporozoites, (c) complement fixation, (d) passive hemagglutination and by the direct and indirect immunofluorescent methods [for review, see reference (V4)], malarial antibodies have also been detected by malarial antigens prepared from heavily infected human placenta, infected human brain, and short-term in vivo cultures of cells from heavily parasitized subjects (Wll) (see Tables 7 and 8). 

Xu, B., Copolla, M., Herr, J.C., and Timko, M.P. (2007). Expression of a recombinant human sperm-agglutinating mini-antibody in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L). Soc. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 63 6465 77. 

IgG y K or X 150 Toxin neutralizing, agglutinating, opsonizing, bacteriolytic (with aid of complement system) antigen-IgG antibody complexes may cause tissue injury. Serum, amniotic fluid... 

Many aspects of the social behavior of cells are determined by the composition, arrangement, and interaction of cell-surface molecules. Therefore, changes in the composition and structure of plasma membranes appear to contribute to differences in such characteristics as cell adhesion, contact inhibition, and tumorogenicity of cells. Cell-surface glycoproteins, in particular, participate in a number of membrane-modulated phenomena, including responsiveness to hormones, agglutination by lectins, recognition by antibodies, or uptake of nutri-... 

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