Antibody agglutination test

Universal anti-Rh sera deprived of anti-A or B-antibodies were prepared by contacting A and B-immunoadsorbents with human blood sera. To achieve zero titer in the Coombs agglutination test a portion of immunoadsorbent (80-160 mg) proportional to the initial serum titer (1 8-1 64, 1 ml) is required. The incorporation of A-immunoadsorbent into anti-B sera did not interfere with their titer and vice versa, Under the same circumstances an anti-Rh serum titer is lowered by one step or remains unchanged [125], Properties of this composite sorbent are therefore promising for its use in extracorporal hemisorption processes. 

Apart from antibodies detected by (a) the schizont-infected red cell agglutination test, (b) the agglutination of sporozoites, (c) complement fixation, (d) passive hemagglutination and by the direct and indirect immunofluorescent methods [for review, see reference (V4)], malarial antibodies have also been detected by malarial antigens prepared from heavily infected human placenta, infected human brain, and short-term in vivo cultures of cells from heavily parasitized subjects (Wll) (see Tables 7 and 8). 

Polystyrene latex particles, 0.2 p, in diameter, have recently been used as immunochemical markers for sceuining electron microscopyS. (SEM). But applications of such a reagent are limited because the lydrophobic surface of the polystyrene particles makes them stick nonspeciflcally to many surfaces and molecules. The same disadvantage applies to agglutination tests. Furthermore, reliance on weak adsorption forces to hold the antibodies on the particles is not always satisfactoryifi and chemical bonding of antibodies to polystyrene particles is virtually... 

This situation is similar to that observed in saliva, where the passage of serum antibodies into the salivary secretion has been demonstrated (E5). When antibodies were present in serum of some healthy subjects, antibodies to various bacteria in saliva were found with hemagglutination and bacterial agglutination tests. The presence of these antibodies in saliva may be correlated with the finding of y-globulin in this secretion (E5). 

Figure 5.5. Agglutination test for Brucella abortus antibodies.9 [Reprinted, with permission, from E. Benjamini, G. Sunshine, and S. Leskowitz, Immunology A Short Course, 3rd ed., Wiley-Liss, New York, 1996, pp. 115-118. ISBN 0-471-59791-0. Copyright 1996 by Willey-Liss, Inc.]...

Blood typing is one common application of the agglutination test.10 Human erythrocytes may possess either or both of epitopes A and B on their surfaces. Individuals possessing only epitope A have Anti-B in their serum, while individuals possessing only epitope B on their erythrocytes have circulating Anti-A. Some individuals have neither epitope, and both antibodies present, while others have both epitopes, and neither antibody. Table 5.2 lists the four major blood groupings, and the epitopes and antibodies present in their serum. 

An agglutination test for a bacterium was performed on serial dilutions of a freshwater sample. Using dilution factors of 1 1 to 1 512, the results showed the appearance of an agglutination zone and a zone of antibody excess, but no prozone was observed. Was the bacterium present Why was no prozone observed ... 

Carson SA, Reiher J, Scommegna A, Prins GS. Antibody binding patterns in infertile males and females as detected by immunobead test, gel-agglutination test, and sperm immobilization test. Fertil Steril 1988 49 487-92. 

Serologic diagnosis uses an agglutination test that detects antibodies to lipopolysaccharide. This test, however, is not useful to diagnose infection caused by B canis, a naturally O-polysaccharide deficient strain. Infection can be most reliably con-... 

Leukocyte agglutination tests have often been used, but the results have been difficult to interpret and widely questioned (Flandrin et al. 1971 Gross and Hellriegel 1976). Recently, two new techniques have been described. One involves inhibition of granulocyte colonies in the presence of the patient s serum (Barrett et al. 1976). Using this technique, the authors were able to show amidopyrine-dependent leukagglutinin 6 and 12 months after the acute episode of agranulocytosis. In another study (Jeannet et al. 1979) a Cr release cytotoxicity test was used and auto-antibodies (probably induced by amidopyrine) specific for neutrophils and leukocytes were detected. 

Tube agglutination test Serologic test that measures antibody titers by comparing various dilutions of the patient s serum against known quantities of an antigen. 

An antibody acting against thyroglobulin (the protein which acts as a store of thyroid hormones in the thyroid colloid). These antibodies can be detected by double diffusion tests, immunofluorescence or agglutination tests. 

Figure 11.30 Adjuvant effect of nano-encapsulated human immunogammaglobulin-G (IgG). Antigens with various adjuvants and untreated. Immunization of guinea-pigs after subcutaneous application of IgG. Antibody formation against IgG measured with a passive agglutination test (haemagglutination microtechnique) from guinea-pig serum with antigen-sensibilized sheep erythrocytes. The adjuvant effect of nano-encapsulated IgG compared to a classical Al203lgG adsorbate is evident. From Speiser [186].

Turbidimetric Agglutination Immunoassays. Agglutination—precipitation immunoassays were among the first practical appHcations of the antigen—antibody reaction in diagnostic tests. These assays are not as widely used in the 1990s as EIA and FIA because they are either not quantitative enough or lack the sensitivity limits of RIA, EIA, and EIA. 

Latex agglutination immunoassays are easily formatted into simple kits which can provide yes/no and semiquantitative estimates of antigen (or antibody) in a sample. The first such assay was developed in 1957 for rheumatoid factor (15) and assays are on the market for the deterrnination of many species of bacteria, fungi. Mycoplasma, parasites, ckettsia, and vimses, as well as for the deterrnination of autoimmune disease, hormones (qv), dmgs (see Pharmaceuticals), and blood proteins (16). Latex agglutination is also the basis of many home pregnancy tests. 

In most patients, serologic evidence remains the primary method in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Results obtained from complement fixation, immunodiffusion, and latex antigen agglutination antibody tests are used... 

Another drug that is associated with a relatively high incidence of both drug-de-pendent and autoimmune antibodies is diclofenac [38], In some cases the specificity of the diclofenac-induced autoantibodies is very similar to that induced by a-methyldopa [39], Diclofenac is a secondary aromatic amine and is oxidized to reactive metabolites by both cytochromes P450 and myeloperoxidase [40], When patient sera were tested, it was addition of the 4-hydroxy metabolite that most commonly led to agglutination of red cells [41] this metabolite has the potential to be air oxidized to a reactive iminoquinone. 

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