Autoimmune antibodies

Antibodies have been used extensively as diagnostic tools in many different formats, especially for measurement of protein and cytokine abundances. Applications of antigen arrays can be found in reverse immunoassays for detection of allergens and autoimmune antibodies. 

Autoimmune autonomic neuropathy is also associated with autoimmune antibodies. The most common presentation of autoimmune autonomic neuropathy is the acute... 

Another drug that is associated with a relatively high incidence of both drug-de-pendent and autoimmune antibodies is diclofenac [38], In some cases the specificity of the diclofenac-induced autoantibodies is very similar to that induced by a-methyldopa [39], Diclofenac is a secondary aromatic amine and is oxidized to reactive metabolites by both cytochromes P450 and myeloperoxidase [40], When patient sera were tested, it was addition of the 4-hydroxy metabolite that most commonly led to agglutination of red cells [41] this metabolite has the potential to be air oxidized to a reactive iminoquinone. 

Autoantibodies Treatment with etanercept may result in the formation of autoimmune antibodies. 

Rare adverse effects include heart failure, hypertension, hypotension, pancreatitis, GI hemorrhage, and dyspnea. The patient also may develop autoimmune antibodies. 

K12. Krishnan, M. R., Jou, N. T., and Marion, T. N., Correlation between the amino acid position of arginine in VH-CDR3 and specificity for native DNA among autoimmune antibodies. J. Immunol. 157, 2430-2439 (1996). 

The use of phage-display libraries to characterize a number of epitopes recognized by polyclonal autoimmune antibodies has also been reported for affinity purified anti-TNFa... 

Most diabetics are in this category. Genetic factors rather than viruses or autoimmune antibodies are apparently causal. The metabolic alterations observed are milder than those described for IDDM (for example, NIDDM patients typically are not ketotic), but the long-term clinical consequences can be just as devastating (for example, vascular complications and subsequent infection can lead to amputation of the lower limbs). 

Ciclosporin oU-in-water emulsion has been used in the local treatment of moderate to severe dry eye disease. Chronic dry eye disease results from inflammation mediated by cytokines and receptors for autoimmune antibodies in the lacrimal glands. It affects the lacrimal gland acini and ducts, leading to abnormahties in the tear film, and ultimately disrupting the homeostasis of the ocular surface. Topical ciclosporin reduces the cell-mediated inflammatory response associated with inflammatory ocular surface diseases. 

A 7-year-old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) developed acute hepatic failure, with features of autoimmune hepatitis (2). The only medications he had taken were pemoline (56 mg/day) and cjrproheptadine (2 mg/day). Pemoline was withdrawn after 8 months as the presumed cause of his raised transaminases. Two weeks later he developed an altered mental state, jaundice, and encephalopathy. The histological features of the liver and his autoimmune antibody panel were consistent with autoimmune hepatitis. He was treated with corticosteroids and azathioprine and recovered. 

There is a blood-brain barrier that protects the central nervous system (CNS) by excluding large molecules from contacting CNS neurons. It has been reported (Brodie, 2006) that infection or stress can allow certain large molecules access to specific parts of the brain. Bacterial endotoxin or adrenaline have both been shown to breach the blood-brain barrier and permit access to brain nerve cells by autoimmune antibodies. These antibodies normally cause such autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis (a disease of the peripheral nervous system), but have no effect on brain function. Infections or stress can change that and result in alterations to memory or emotions. This underscores the connections between the body and the brain. 

Appearance of autoimmune antibodies in serum against membranes... 

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