Animal fish oil

Tran, m. train oil (from any marine animal), fish oil (with a prefix) oil blubber, -bren-nerei, /. = Transiederei. 

If the fatty acids in a triglyceride are unsaturated, the triglyceride is an unsaturated fat, or an oil, and tends to be liquid at room temperature. Triglycerides from plants (olive oil, com oil, canola oil, etc.) or from cold-blooded animals (fish oil) are generally unsaturated. 

C22H34O2. A straight-chain fatty acid with 5 double bonds. A major component of fish oils and the oils of marine animals, clupeine Protamine class protein found in the sperm and testicles of the herring. On hydrolysis it gives about 90% of argenine. 

In the United States, more than 16.3 x 10 kg of human-inedible raw materials are available each year, and the rendering industry is a valuable asset in diverting these into valuable ingredients for use primarily in animal foods (4). The three largest meat packers are responsible for nearly four-fifths of aU red meat production (5) and enormous amounts of rendered meat meal and animal fat. Three broiler producers account for about 40% of the total broiler production. American Proteins, Inc. (RosweU, Georgia), the world s largest processor of poultry by-products, produces more than 450,000 t of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat each year. It also produces more than 100,000 t of fish meal, fish oil, and fish products each year. Pish meal production worldwide in 1986 was estimated at 6.23 x 10 t, which with the 125 x 10 t of meat and bone meal plus 6.67 x 10 t of feather meal and poultry by-product meal (6) is the primary source of animal proteins used by the pet food industry. 

Sulfated Natural Oils and Fats. Sulfated natural triglycerides were the first nonsoap commercial surfactants introduced in the middle of the nineteenth century. Since then sulfates of many vegetable, animal, and fish oils have been investigated (see also Fats AND FATTY oils). With its hydroxyl group and a double bond, ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-9,10-octadecenoic acid) is an oil constituent particularly suited for sulfation. Its sulfate is known as turkey-red oil. Oleic acid is also suited for sulfation. Esters of these acids can be sulfated with a minimum of hydrolysis of the glyceride group. Polyunsaturated acids, with several double bonds, lead to dark-colored sulfation products. The reaction with sulfuric acid proceeds through either the hydroxyl or the double bond. The sulfuric acid half ester thus formed is neutralized with caustic soda ... 

Vitamin A [79-80-1] (6) is stmcturaHy similar to vitamin A [68-26-8] and is also found in fish oils. This compound is important biologically for fish and other lower animals. Interestingly, tadpoles require vitamin A but after metamorphosis require vitamin A (8). 

Provitamin D. Provitamin is made from cholesterol, and its commercial production begias with the isolation of cholesterol from one of its natural sources. Cholesterol occurs ia many animals, and is generally extracted from wool grease obtained by washing wool after it is sheared from sheep. This grease is a mixture of fatty-acid esters, which contain ca 15 wt % cholesterol. The alcohol fraction is obtained after saponification, and the cholesterol is separated, usually by complexation with 2iac chloride, followed by decomplexation and crystallisation. Cholesterol can also be extracted from the spiaal cords and brains of animals, especially catde, and from fish oils. 

Chlorella, aquatic plant, grass, hay, spruce twigs and needles, olive leaves, peach leaves, tobacco leaves Bovine muscle, bovine liver, pig kidney, milk powder, cereals, single cell protein, butterfat, fish oil, animal feed-stuffs, textiles... 

The choice of alkali was more difficult. In Leblanc s time, the alkali was generally a carbonate (C03) or hydroxide (OH) of potassium or sodium extracted from the ashes of salt-rich plants. For example, northerners made an odoriferous soft soap by burning wood and boiling its ashes with animal fat or fish oil. In Spain, Marseilles, Genoa, and Venice, hard Castile soap was made by boiling olive oil with the ashes of seaweed and shore plants. 

Consumption of fish oil in excess can generate immunotoxic effects in laboratory animals. Rats fed a 17% fish oil diet had reduced wound-healing responses when compared to com oil [59], In a mouse model of bacterial resistance to S. typhimurium, lower survival rates were reported for those animals that ingested a 20% fish oil diet over 15 days [59], Similar fish oil-induced effects in guinea pigs were noted in a study of experimental tuberculosis leading the authors to conclude that this treatment resulted in decreased resistance to infectious disease. The consumption of fish oil has also been reported to result in alterations of hemostatic parameters such as platelet production and function. However, there is no indication that at doses normally consumed by humans, immunotoxicity will occur. 

A number of studies in humans show that PUFAs can generate significant immunomodulatory effects. Generally, these studies have utilized considerably lower amounts of fish oil to treat subjects than found in most animal studies. Numerous clinical trials have examined the effects of fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis and many have reported statistically significant benefits such as decreased morning stiffness and numbers of tender joints [57]. Several other studies have reported that PUFAs can provide therapeutic benefits for patients with IgA nephropathy, the most common primary human glomerulonephritis... 

Eicosapentaenoic EPA C20 5 (n = 3) Abundant in fish oils and marine algae, present in animals... 

The fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms most frequently involved in acylglycerols are palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic, while odd-numbered and branched chain fatty acids only occur infrequently. Animal acylglycerols contain mainly saturated fatty acids although many fish oils are... 

Insulin secretion stimulation. Oil, administered orally to young suckling rabbits, quickened and strengthened the rise of immunoreactive serum insulin ". Intestinal brush border membrane. Oil, administered orally to rats at a dose of 10% for 5 weeks, produced an increase in level of saturated fatty acids in the brush border membrane from coconut oil-fed animals. Membrane fluidity was as follows coconut oil less than commercial pellet diet less than corn oil less than fish oil. The membrane hexose content was high in the coconut-fed rats. Hexamines were elevated in coconut-treated rat brush borders. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, and lactase were increased "". 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol extract of the leaf, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active, LDjf, 0.75 g/kg"" " . Ethanol extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/animal, was active. Water extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/ animal, was active " . Aqueous extract of the husk fiber, administered orally to mice, was active, LDjf, 2.30 g/kgf" " . Tricarboxylate carrier influence. Oil, administered to rats at a dose of 15% of the diet for 3 weeks, produced a differential mitochondrial fatty acid composition and no appreciable change in phospholipids composition and cholesterol level. Compared with coconut oil-fed rats, the mitochondrial tricarboxylate carrier activity was markedly decreased in liver mitochondria from fish oil-fed rats. No difference in the Arrhenius plot between the two groups was observed "". 

Materials,—The materials used in the manufacture of soap, are the various kinds of oil or fat, resin, and the alkalies, potassa and soda. All oils and fats of whatever kind, vegetal or animal, yield soaps, when treated with alkali, as will he subsequently described. Only a very limited number, however, is used in thiB manufacture and these such as may be obtained at a very low price compared with that of the others. In Great Britain palm-oil is probably consumed in greater quantity than any other, and principally in the production of hard soap for soft soaps, the various kiuds of fish-oils, the drying oils from seeds, and tallow are mostly employed. 

The main application of the perdisulphates is in analytical chemistry other directions in which they find use are mentioned under the description of their properties. Because of their oxidising and bleaching action they are used in the textile and dyeing industries, and for bleaching soap. They are also used for deodorising whale and fish oils and animal fats in order to render them suitable for soap making. 

Labeling experiments have shown that the plasto-quinones of chloroplasts as well as the tocopherols each bear one methyl group (marked with an asterisk in Fig. 25-4) that originates from chorismate. The dihydroxy compound homogentisate is probably an intermediate.80 83 It is a normal catabolite of tyrosine in the animal body (Fig. 25-5, Eq. 18-49). Both pren-ylation and methylation by AdoMet are required to complete the synthesis of the plastoquinones and tocopherols. Possible biosynthetic intermediates with one or more double bonds in the polyprenyl side chain have been found in plants and also in fish oils.83a... 

Plant oils and animal fat samples (vegetable oils, tallow, lard, fish oils) do not need to be extracted before methylation. A small amount of these samples (10 to 20 mg) can be subjected to the methylation procedures directly. 

Table 2 compares the major fatty acids of vegetable and fish oils and animal fats. Vegetable oils differ among themselves in the percentage of C16-C18 fatty acids, with the exception of coconut oil. In animal fats, fatty acid chain lengths extend from C10 to C20. 

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