Sodium extraction

The choice of alkali was more difficult. In Leblanc s time, the alkali was generally a carbonate (C03) or hydroxide (OH) of potassium or sodium extracted from the ashes of salt-rich plants. For example, northerners made an odoriferous soft soap by burning wood and boiling its ashes with animal fat or fish oil. In Spain, Marseilles, Genoa, and Venice, hard Castile soap was made by boiling olive oil with the ashes of seaweed and shore plants. 

Levitskaia, T. G., Bonnesen, R V., Chambliss, C. K., Moyer, B. A., Synergistic pseudo-hydroxide extraction synergism and anion selectivity in sodium extraction using a crown ether and a series of weak lipophilic acids. Anal. Chem., 75, 405-412, 2003. 

Trimethylpentane (isooctane) [540-84-1] M 114.2, b 99.2°, d 0.693, n 1.39145, n 1.38898. Distd from sodium, passed through a column of silica gel or activated alumina (to remove traces of olefines), and again distd from sodium. Extracted repeatedly with cone H2SO4, then agitated with aqueous... 

Increasing the size of calixarenes favors the extraction of strontium and leads to a decrease of sodium extraction. For p-t-butyl calix[5]arene pcnta(di-/V-pcntyl)amide (CA3) (10-2 M in NPOE), DNa = 0.79, DSl = 1.5. For p-t-butyl calix[6]arene hexa (di-A-ethyl)amide (CA4) (5 x 10 3 M in NPOE), DNa = 0.05, DSl=3.8. Under the same conditions (HN031 M), this compound displays higher selectivity than DC18C6. 

It has been pointed out that the octamers CA9 (.S Sr/Na = 51.3) and CA13 (SSr/Na = 42) are much more selective than the crown ether DC18C6 (SSr/Na = 16.4) (Table 4.19).132 These results were confirmed for extraction of strontium from acidic medium. For all the calixarenes tested except CA8, the distribution ratios are higher than those obtained with DC18C6.133 The selectivity SSr/Na is very high thanks to a negligible sodium extraction. 

Standing Committee of Analysts (DoE) (1979) The Analysis of Agricultural Materials-Sodium, Extractable in Soil, Method 72, MAFF Bulletin RB427, HMSO, London, UK. 

Trimethylpentane (isooctane) [540-84-1] M 114.2, m -107 , b 99.2 , dl 0.693, ng 1.39145, ng 1.38898. Distil isooctane from sodium, pass it through a column of silica gel or activated alumina (to remove traces of olefins), and again distilled from sodium. Extract repeatedly with cone H2SO4, then agitate it with aqueous KMn04, wash it with water, dry (CaS04) and distil it. Purify it also by azeotropic distillation with EtOH, which is subsequently washed out with water, and the trimethylpentane is dried and fractionally distilled. [Forziati et ai. J Res Nat Bur Stand 36 126 7946.] [Beilstein 1IV 439.]... 

Obrinsky, W., Denley, M. L., and Brauer, R. W., Sulfobromophthalein sodium extraction test as a measure of liver function in premature infants. Pediatrics 9, 421-438 (1952). 

The second set of data involves the fitting of cation extraction from sodium hydroxide. The results found previously for the nitrate system are required since all the potassium and the cesium were added as spikes of nitrate solutions. Preliminary results on sodium extraction showed that the presence of calixarene was not required to extract this cation, as the amount of sodium present in the organic phase was the same whether or not the calixarene was present in the solvent. 

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