Feather meal

In the United States, more than 16.3 x 10 kg of human-inedible raw materials are available each year, and the rendering industry is a valuable asset in diverting these into valuable ingredients for use primarily in animal foods (4). The three largest meat packers are responsible for nearly four-fifths of aU red meat production (5) and enormous amounts of rendered meat meal and animal fat. Three broiler producers account for about 40% of the total broiler production. American Proteins, Inc. (RosweU, Georgia), the world s largest processor of poultry by-products, produces more than 450,000 t of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat each year. It also produces more than 100,000 t of fish meal, fish oil, and fish products each year. Pish meal production worldwide in 1986 was estimated at 6.23 x 10 t, which with the 125 x 10 t of meat and bone meal plus 6.67 x 10 t of feather meal and poultry by-product meal (6) is the primary source of animal proteins used by the pet food industry. 

Eeather meal, first hydroly2ed and then oxidi2ed, produces cysteic acid [13100-82-8] an excellent precursor for taurine in cats (20). Hydroly2ed feather meal may supplement the taurine provided by other dietary animal proteins and help replace part or all of the synthetic taurine in cat food formulations with considerable cost savings. 

Fearragillin, registered for use in aquaculture in Europe, 3 220t Feather meal, 10 856 Fe-base superalloys, 13 503 Fecal coliform analysis, of water, 26 45—46 Fe-complexed dyes, 9 446—447. See also Iron entries... 

Figure 13.8 Detection of feather meal in compound feed by NIR imaging. NIR image at 1480 nm.

Meat and Bone Meal Blood Meal Feather Meal Poultry By-Product Meal Menhaden Fishmeal... 

Meal and Feather Meal on MUk Fatty Acid Content and Nitrogen Utilization in Dairy Cows, 86 861—869 (2003). 

Vincent Corporation (1995), Feather meal. http //www.vmcentcorp.com/apps/ animal.htm, November. 

Glutaraldehyde-linked to granular feather-meal protein... 

Adsorption onto carbon and cross-linking with glutaraldehyde is unsuitable for the immobilization of p-D-galactosidase, since it results in loss of enzymic activity 34s p.D-Galactosidase immobilized on nylon tubing can be used for the continuous hydrolysis of lactose. An activity half-life of 100 days has been reported for p-D-galactosidase immobilized on feather-meal protein. ... 

Figure 18.5 shows the mean spectrum of pure poultry meals (n = 56), pure pork meals (n = 16), pure cattle meals n = 1), cattle-poultry meal mixture (n = 1), cattle-pork meal mixture (n = 3), poultry-pork meal mixture (n = 3), blood meal ( = 1), fish meal (n =8), hydrolyzed feather meal (n = 1), feather meal n = 1), and cattle-sheep-pork and poultry meal mixtures (n = 189). There are visible differences in the region 1680 to 1760 nm that may be the basis for differentiating among the different types of protein animal meals [11]. 

Keratinase Serine Valkerase (BioResource International) Bacillus sp. Poultry feather meal Lin et al. (1997), Wang et al. (2006)... 

De Azeredo, L. A., De Lima, M. B., Coelho, R. R., Freire, D. M. A low-cost fermentation medium for thermophilic protease production by Streptomyces sp. 594 using feather meal and com steep liquor. Curr Microbiol 2006,53(4), 335-339. 

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