Applications animals

The steroid microsphere systems are probably the most successful drug delivery formulations thus far ba.sed on lactide/glycolide polymers. Several of these products appear to be on track for human and animal applications in the 1990s. The success of these formulations is due to the known safety of the polymer, the reproducibility of the microencapsulation process, reliability in the treatment procedure, and in vivo drug release performance (80). 

Implantation of polymer matrices that contain angiogenic factors requires quantification of the extent of vessel ingrowth. This can either be analysed immunohistochemically or by haemoglobin/red blood cell count in the tissue. These models generally do not allow analysis of the time course of vascularization since this would require the sacrifice of animals. Application in a dorsal skin fold chamber circumvents this experimental problem, as it provides the opportunity to monitor vessel formation at various time points during the experiment. 

Notes (a) Several products have been approved for multiple indications. Only the first indication for which each was approved is listed, (b) Vet listing in therapeutic indication column indicates an animal application. All other products are used in human medicine. 

Certain echinacea constituents have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, and hyaluronidase may be involved. In animals, application of Epurpurea prior to application of a topical irritant reduced both paw and ear edema. Despite these laboratory findings, randomized, controlled clinical trials involving echinacea for wound healing have not been performed in humans. 

Whole plants and animals Applicable to microbes, cells, whole organisms... 

Present-Day Adjuvants in Human and Animal Applications General Mechanism of Action... 

Vaccines for the Treatment of Diseases of Farmed Animals, Application of DNA Vaccine Technology to Aquaculture, Transcutaneous Immunization of Domestic Animals,... 

Substance Test animal Application LDsc[mgkg ]... 

PGE is a toxic compound exhibiting moderate irritant action and carcinogenicity in animals. Application of 0.25 mg resulted in severe eye irritation in rabbits, while 500 mg caused moderate skin irritation over a period of 24 hours. Prolonged or repeated contact can cause moderate irritation and skin sensitization in humans. 

Plants lend themselves readily to the large-scale production of pharmaceutical proteins and peptides, termed plant-made pharmaceuticals, (PM P) for both human and animal applications, as this approach has the important advantages of simplicity of production, cheaper costs, and the lack of zoonitics (animal pathogens or retroviruses, prions) or bacterial endotoxins. The use of a eukaryotic host base... 

EOs are not only appealing to humans but also to animals. Applications of EOs as feed additives and for treating diseases in pets and farm animals are illustrated in Chapter 19, Essential Oils Used in Veterinary Medicine, that comprises a rare collection of information on this subject. 

Since biological value is dependent primarily upon essential amino acid constitution, it would seem logical to assess the nutritive value of a protein by determining its essential amino acid constitution and then comparing this with the known amino acid requirements of a particular class of animal. Application of modern chromatographic techniques coupled with automated procedures allows relatively quick and convenient resolution of mixtures of amino acids. However, the acid hydrolysis used to produce such mixtures from protein destroys practically all the tryptophan and a considerable proportion of the cystine and methionine. Tryptophan has to be released by a separate alkaline hydrolysis, and cystine and methionine have to be oxidised to cysteic acid and methionine sulphone to ensure their quantitative recovery. Losses of amino acids and the production of artefacts, which are greater with foods of high carbohydrate content, are reduced if the hydrolysis is carried out in vacuo. Evaluations of proteins in terms of each individual amino acid would be laborious and inconvenient, and several attempts have been made to state the results of amino acid analyses in a more useful and convenient form. 

With a good part of development costs and safety testing absorbed by the animal applications, it was possible to introduce abamectin, the natural piecurser of ivermectin, for agricultural uses. " One derivative of abamectin is currently under development for crop protection, and very recently milbemycin A /A has become... 

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