Animal models applicability

The most commonly used technique of sonophoresis in these studies was to apply hydrocortisone in the form of an ointment on the skin and then apply ultrasound by keeping the transducer in contact with the ointment. In some cases, the transducer was moved in circular patterns to avoid a continuous exposure of a certain part of the skin to ultrasound. Although these studies were performed using different animal models, application techniques, hydrocortisone concentrations in the ointment, and exposure time, a measurable enhancement of hydrocortisone transport was reported in almost all cases. In contrast, most of the attempts to enhance transdermal transport of lidocaine and salicylates have been less successful. In the case of lidocaine, the sonophoretic enhancement was measured in terms of reduction of onset time for anesthesia or prolonging duration of anesthesia. In most cases, no significant effect of ultrasound application on either induction time or duration of anesthesia has been reported. Similarly sonophoresis of salicylates from ointments has not been found to induce any significant increase in plasma salicylate levels. ... 

DC Mays, KF Dixon, A Balboa, LJ Pawluk, MR Bauer, S Nawoot, N Gerber. A nonprimate animal model applicable to zidovudine pharmacokinetics in humans Inhibition of glucuronidation and renal excretion of zidovudine by probenecid in rats. J Pharm Exp Ther 259 1261, 1991. 

Wexler MR, Halon DA, Teitelbaum A, et al (1984) The prevention of cardiac arrhythmias produced in an animal model by topical application of a phenol preparation in common use for face peeling. Plast Recontsr Surg 73 595-598... 

Restenosis after angioplasty is a situation where these therapies may find an early application. The current animal models evaluate the formation of atherosclerosis or a neointima in the same accelerated and artificially induced... 

In ocular applications, Raman spectroscopy can quickly and objectively assess composite lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations of macular pigment using spatially averaged, integral measurements or images that quantify and map the complete MP distribution with high spatial resolution. Importantly, both variants can be validated with HPLC methods in excised human eyecups and in animal models. 

The establishment of appropriate animal models for biomedical application is essential if new techniques and procedures are to be applied to human conditions. Briefly, the syndrome of plant-induced cleft palate and contracture skeletal malformations in livestock ( crooked calf syndrome ), as described above, is the same whether it is induced by Lupinus, Conium or Nicotiana spp. Likewise, the malformations are described as the same in cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. While the development of a small ruminant model (goat) was primarily to study the mechanism of action of crooked calf syndrome in cattle, interest in the induced congenital cleft palate and the goat model led to biomedical applications (Panter et al., 2000a). 

The primary clinical application of the antiproliferative effects of the bisindole alkaloids has been in the treatment of human neoplasms. A variety of experimental antitumor systems have been used to study the antitumor properties of these alkaloids in animal models, and much of the information presented for specific compounds in this chapter highlights these effects. Early studies employed syngeneic mice bearing hematopoietic... 

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