Aluminum polyphosphates

Crudely, an equation can be written that ignores the stability complex for the 

The chemistry is surely not this simple and equilibrium constants have been determined for the various ions that might exist. At best the chemistry is a bit fuzzy. It is not our purpose to handle the details, but merely to suggest why the solutions are much more acidic that those encountered in most soluble salt solutions with similar degrees of neutralization. 

Another way to view the behavior may be related to another old analytical technique of pH titrations to determine the concentration of orthophosphate in a solution by causing a precipitation of Ag3P04 by the reaction by the Gerber Miles titration. 

Here the released H ion is titratable. The acid, HPO4, is too weak to titrate. This is but another way to release free hydrogen ions in a solution with neither hydrolysis nor soluble complex formation. 

Greger considered these ionic polymer systems to be colloids, and indeed they do possess behavior similar to hydrophylic colloids. Because of the complexity of the strongly acidic, ionic-covalent poly nature of the system, no definitive experiments have been made to determine whether or not the solutions are true solutions or colloidal dispersions. Perhaps light scattering would be one of the simpler approaches, but I am unaware of this technique being applied to the system. 

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H. Vare, Aluminum polyphosphate in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Siiillus variega-tiis (Fr.) O. Kuntze as revealed by energy dispersive spectrometry. New Phytol. 7/6 663 (1990). 

Duraphos [FMC]. TM for a complex sodium-calcium-aluminum polyphosphate containing 67% phosphate. 

Zinc aluminum polyphosphate. This pigment contains a higher percentage of phosphate, as P2O5, than zinc phosphate or modified zinc orthophosphates. 

Strontium aluminum polyphosphate. This pigment also has greater phosphate content than first-generation zinc phosphate. The solubihty behavior is further altered by inclusion of a metal whose oxides react basic compared to amphoteric zinc [38]. 

Calcium aluminum polyphosphate silicate. This pigment exhibits an altered solubility behavior due to calcium. The composition is interesting active components are fixed on the surface of an inert filler, wollastonite. 

Zinc-based phosphates examples include zinc phosphate, aluminum zinc phosphate, zinc molybdenum phosphate, aluminum-zinc hydroxyphosphate, zinc hydroxymolybdate phosphate, basic zinc phosphate, zinc silicophosphate and zinc aluminum polyphosphate. 

Zinc-free phosphates examples include aluminum phosphate, dihydrogen aluminum triphosphate, strontium aluminum polyphosphate and calcium aluminmn polyphosphate silicate. 

Another bond used in basic castables and for producing acid resistant alumino-silicate castables involves the use of alkali silicates, either sodium silicate or potassium silicate. Alkali silicates will react with acids, salts, and metal hydroxides and stiffen or set by formation of a silica hydrogel. This gel will dewater continuously as temperature increases with complete dehydration at 350°C. Setting agents used to set alkali silicate bonded castables include sodium silicofluoride, aluminum polychloride, sodium phosphate, aluminum polyphosphate, magnesium polyphosphate, and calcium and magnesium hydroxides (13). 

Anhydrous monocalcium phosphate, Ca(H2PObe made in a pan mixer from concentrated phosphoric acid and lime. The high heat of reaction furnishes essentially all the necessary thermal input and subsequent drying is minimized. A small amount of aluminum phosphate or a mixture of sodium and potassium phosphates is added in the form of proprietary stabilizers for coating the particles. Heat treatment converts the coating to a protective polyphosphate (19). 

DKP = dipotassium phosphate Poly = polyphosphate and SALP = sodium aluminum phosphate. Other terms may be found in the text. 

A similar process allows reacting triethyl phosphate and phosphorous pentoxide to form a polyphosphate in an organic solvent [871]. An excess of 1.3 moles of triethyl phosphate with respect to phosphorous pentoxide is the most preferred ratio. In the second stage, a mixture of higher aliphatic alcohols from hexanol to decanol is added in an amount of 3 moles per 1 mole phosphorous pentoxide. Aluminum sulfate is used as a crosslinker. Hexanol results in a high-temperature viscosity of the gel, while maintaining at a pumpable viscosity at ambient temperatures [870]. 

A gel of diesel or crude oil can be produced using a phosphate diester or an aluminum compound with phosphate diester [740]. The metal phosphate diester may be prepared by reacting a triester with phosphorous pentoxide to produce a polyphosphate, which is then reacted with an alcohol (usually hexanol) to produce a phosphate diester [870]. The latter diester is then added to the organic liquid along with a nonaqueous source of aluminum, such as aluminum isopropoxide (aluminum-triisopropylate) in diesel oil, to produce the metal phosphate diester. The conditions in the previous reaction steps are controlled to provide a gel with good viscosity versus temperature and time characteristics. All the reagents are substantially free of water and will not affect the pH. 

Phosphate-polymer control, in industrial water treatment, 26 132-133 Phosphate recognition, 16 794 Phosphate refractory dental dies, compressive strength, 8 289t Phosphate rock, 11 119, 120 minerals in, 19 5, 14 recovery of fluoride from, 14 12-13 U.S. imports for consumption of, 19 15t U.S. production of, 19 17 Phosphates, 18 814-863 19 19. See also Phosphate Polyphosphates aluminum acid, 18 839 ammonium, 11 487 18 835-836 analysis of, 18 851-852 calcium, 18 836-839 condensed, 18 841-852 crystalline, 18 839 dispersants, 8 710t economic aspects of, 18 859-860... 

A comparative study of the products of dehydration of the dihydrogen monophosphates of polyvalent cations showed that the stable end-products for cations with ionic radii between 0.57 and 1.03 A. (Cu++, Mg++, Ni++, Co++, Fe++, Mn++, Zn"1-1", Cd++, A1+++) are tetrametaphosphates. When the cations are either larger or smaller the end-products of dehydration are crystalline high-molecular polyphosphates (Li+, Be++, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Ag+, Zn++, Cd++, Hg++, Ca++, Sr++, Ba++ Pb++, Cr+++, Fe+++, Bi+++). In the case of the alkali salts only sodium trimetaphosphate occurs as a condensed phosphate with a cyclic anion (304, 305). Up to the present, an alkali tctrametaphosphate has not been observed as the dehydration product of a dihydrogen monophosphate. Consequently, alkali tetrametaphosphates arc obtainable only indirectly. Reference is made later (Section IV,C,4) to the fact that the tetraphosphates of barium, lead, and bismuth are formed as crystalline phases from melts of the corresponding composition. There are also reports of various forms of several condensed phosphates of tervalent iron and aluminum (31, 242, 369). 

NMO NMP Nu PPA PCC PDC phen Phth PPE PPTS Red-Al SEM Sia2BH TAS TBAF TBDMS TBDMS-C1 TBHP TCE TCNE TES Tf TFA TFAA THF THP TIPBS-C1 TIPS-C1 TMEDA TMS TMS-C1 TMS-CN Tol TosMIC TPP Tr Ts TTFA TTN N-methylmorpholine N-oxide jV-methyl-2-pyrrolidone nucleophile polyphosphoric acid pyridinium chlorochromate pyridinium dichromate 1,10-phenanthroline phthaloyl polyphosphate ester pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate sodium bis(methoxyethoxy)aluminum dihydride (3-trimethylsilylethoxy methyl disiamylborane tris(diethylamino)sulfonium tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride f-butyldimethylsilyl f-butyldimethylsilyl chloride f-butyl hydroperoxide 2,2,2-trichloroethanol tetracyanoethylene triethylsilyl triflyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) trifluoroacetic acid trifluoroacetic anhydride tetrahydrofuran tetrahydropyranyl 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane tetramethylethylenediamine [ 1,2-bis(dimethylamino)ethane] trimethylsilyl trimethylsilyl chloride trimethylsilyl cyanide tolyl tosylmethyl isocyanide meso-tetraphenylporphyrin trityl (triphenylmethyl) tosyl (p-toluenesulfonyl) thallium trifluoroacetate thallium(III) nitrate... 

Ali N, Craxton A, Sumner M, et al. 1995. Effects of aluminum on the hepatic inositol polyphosphate phosphatase. Biochem J 305 557-561. 

Bischler -Napieralski ring closure of 5 (R = CHO) with phosphorus oxychloride6,8 9 and of 5 (R = COCH3) with phosphorus oxychloride6, 8 or polyphosphate ester10 gave 8 (R = H and R = CH3, respectively). Reduction of 8 (R = H) with lithium aluminum hydride... 

At an optimum addition level of only 1.5 w t %, nano-size magnesium-aluminum LDHs have been shown to enhance char formation and fire-resisting properties in flame-retarding coatings, based on an intumescent formulation of ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and melamine.89 The coating material comprised a mixture of acrylate resin, melamine formaldehyde resin, and silicone resin with titanium dioxide and solvent. It was reported that the nano-LDH could catalyze the esterification reaction between ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol greatly increasing carbon content and char cross-link density. 

Zinc borate in PC/ABS and polyamide—when zinc borate is used in conjunction with bisphenol-A-bis-diphenyl phosphate in PC/ABS, it was reported that borophosphate and zinc phosphate were generated during polymer combustion.111 The formation of these materials could be beneficial for passing the more stringent Are tests, such as UL-95 5 V. When Firebrake 500 is used in conjunction with aluminum diethylphosphinate and melamine polyphosphate in polyamide, Schartel et al. reported the formation of boron aluminum phosphate in the condensed phase.112... 

Braun, U., Schartel, B., Fichera, M.A., and Jager, C. 2007. Flame retardancy mechanism of aluminum phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6. Polym. Degradation Stab., 92, 1528-1545. 

The main gases evolved from PA6 and PA6 + NC in nitrogen are e-caprolactam, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia. Other composites namely PA6 + FR and PA6 + FR + NC evolve the same volatiles with an additional phosphorous containing species. PA6 + FR yields diethylphosphinic acid (from aluminum diethylphosphinate), and the water and carbon dioxide arise from the decomposition of melamine polyphosphate through condensation and hydrolytic decomposition. 

Titanates are valuable in other paint applications. Corrosion-resistant coatings have been described for tinplate, steel, and aluminum (440—444). Incorporation of phosphoric acid or polyphosphates enhances the corrosion resistance. Because titanates promote hardening of epoxy resins, they are often used in epoxy-based paint (445). Silicones (polysiloxanes) are often cured by titanates. Pigments, eg, Ti02, Si02, Al O and Zr02, are frequently pretreated with titanates before incorporation into paints (441,446). In these applications, the Ti(OR)4 compounds are often mixed with Si(OR)4, Al(OR)3, Zr(OR)4, and other metal alkoxides (12). 

Corrosion inhibitors such as chromates, silicates, polyphosphates, nitrites, nitrates, borates and mercaptobenzothiazole have been used in corrosion inhibition of aluminum and its alloys.45... 

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