Phosphate polymers

Phosphate—Polymer Control. Phosphate treatment results are improved by organic supplements. Naturally occurring organics such as lignins, tannins, and starches were the first supplements used. The organics were added to promote the formation of a fluid sludge that would settle in the mud dmm. Bottom blowdown from the mud dmm removed the sludge. 

Therapeutic Function Estrogen Chemical Name Estradiol phosphate polymer Common Name Polymeric ester of phosphoric acid and estradiol Structural Formula r... 

Related programs, such as phosphate-chelant and phosphate-polymer, are simply modifications of the basic phosphate-cycle, and they still rely on the precipitation of calcium (or other metal ions) as dispersible phosphate sludge. 

Various phospono- and phosphinopolycarboxylic acids (PCAs) are available in the market. These polymers are similar to phosphonates and some actually are phosphonates. They tend to exhibit varying degrees of both deposit control and corrosion control properties. For BW applications, the acrylic acid/organic phosphate polymer (PCA type 16) is the only important phosphinopolycarboxylic and has a C-P-C bond (phosphonates have a C-P-O bond). 

Phosphate/polymer based multifunctional formulation, with low alkalinity to phosphate ratio for use in high alkalinity water containing some hardness. Program has USDA/FDA approval (CFR 21 173.310). 

Products used for boosting or building alkalinity in BW generally are relatively simple formulations and may or may not contain tannins, antifoamers, phosphates, polymers, and the like. Where these adjuncts are included, the selection of raw materials generally is made on the basis of ensuring compliance with G6 USDA approval, for application in USDA-inspected plants. 

Phosphate overlay programs Phosphate/polymer-based multifunctional 458 ... 

Phosphate-polymer programs Phosphate precipitant, requirement to remove 419 430... 

Phosphate-polymer control, in industrial water treatment, 26 132-133 Phosphate recognition, 16 794 Phosphate refractory dental dies, compressive strength, 8 289t Phosphate rock, 11 119, 120 minerals in, 19 5, 14 recovery of fluoride from, 14 12-13 U.S. imports for consumption of, 19 15t U.S. production of, 19 17 Phosphates, 18 814-863 19 19. See also Phosphate Polyphosphates aluminum acid, 18 839 ammonium, 11 487 18 835-836 analysis of, 18 851-852 calcium, 18 836-839 condensed, 18 841-852 crystalline, 18 839 dispersants, 8 710t economic aspects of, 18 859-860... 

In its morphology the isolated polymer is strikingly similar to the inner core of the iron storage protein ferritin. This core, which is surrormd-ed by protein subunits, is a hydroxy-iron phosphate polymer, with 0.11 phosphate atoms per iron. It is a sphere 74 A in diameter and contains about 2000 iron atoms 35). 

Although halogen-containing polymers, such as PVC and ptfe, and phosphorus-containing phosphonate and phosphate polymers... 

A glycerol phosphate polymer containing 1,3-linkages could be hydrolyzed in alkali by fission at either side of each phosphodiester linkage, to give glycerol and its mono- and di-phosphates in proportions which would... 

Fio. 6. Formation and Structural Determination of an Alkali-stable Phosphodiester in the Hydrolysis of a Glycerol Phosphate Polymer. 

Poly(ribitol phosphate) synthetase has been found in particulate fractions from Staphylococcus aureus H, and Lactobacillus plantatrum.lt ll-m The bulk of the activity in Lactobacillus plantarum was in crude, cell-wall preparations, and the enzyme is apparently located in the membrane, although intimate association with the wall itself has been suggested. Unlike the natural teichoic acid, the enzymically synthesized ribitol phosphate polymer was readily extracted with phenol hydrolysis by acid and by alkali gave the expected products, and oxidation with periodate indicated a chain length of 5-9 units, a value which compares well with that of 8 units for the natural polymer in the walls of this organism. 

Synthetic ribitol phosphate polymer, unlike teichoic acid in a wall, is readily extracted from the particulate enzyme or membrane preparation by treatment with phenol.18 Similarly, teichoic acid synthesized by intact cells in the presence of penicillin is only loosely attached to the wall,111 and it may be significant that, in each case, synthesis of teichoic acid has occurred without the simultaneous synthesis of glycosaminopeptide. It is now known that, in the normal wall, teichoic acid and glycosaminopeptide are attached to each other, and it has been suggested that the low activity of cell-free synthetase is due to the absence of suitable acceptor molecules of glycosaminopeptide. This possibility could account for the ease of removal of teichoic acid formed when simultaneous synthesis of glycosaminopeptide was not possible. 

There exist countless permutations of All Organic formulations. Formulations containing 6 to 12% POCA provide good results where high chlorides are present. For leaner waters, some formulations now incorporate 4%P-PO4 (phosphate-polymer programs). 

The exterior surface of Gram-positive bacteria is covered by teichoic acids. These are ribitol-phosphate or glycerol-phosphate polymer chains that are frequently substituted by alanine and glycosidically linked monosaccharides (Figure A2.4). They are attached to the peptidoglycan by a phosphate diester link. Teichoic acids can act as receptors to bacteriophages and some appear to have antigenic properties. 

Extracts prepared from whole cells of all such organisms contained a glyceritol phosphate polymer, even when no such polymer was present in the walls. This finding is in accordance with a previous report by Mitchell and Moyle that the cell envelope and the small particle fraction from Staphylococcus aureus contain a glyceritol phosphate. This observation could explain why Lactobacillus arabinosus contains cytidine glyceritol pyrophosphate (and not the corresponding teichoic acid) in the cell wall. 

A possible function of cytidine glyceritol pyrophosphate might be in the synthesis of glyceritol phosphate polymers, or in the condensation of glyceritol 3-phosphates with such organic bases as choline, ethanolamine, and serine, or with fatty acids. ... 

ESTR. DI0L DIPROPIONATE see EDROOO ESTRADIOL MONOBENZOATE see EDPOOO 17-(3-ESTRADI0L MONOBENZOATE see EDPOOO ESTRADIOL PHOSPHATE POLYMER see EDSOOO ESTRADIOL POLYESTER with PHOSPHORIC ACID see EDSOOO... 

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