Aluminum triphosphate

Hydrated dihydrogen aluminium triphosphate (AlH2P30io 2H20) is an acid with a dissociation constant, pKa, of approximately 1.5 to 1.6. Its acidity per unit mass is approximately 10 to 100 times higher than other similar acids, such as aluminium and silicon hydroxides. 

When dissolved, aluminium triphosphate dissociates into triphosphate ions AlHzPjOio AP + m + [PjOiol - 

Beland suggests that corrosion protection comes both from the ability of the tripolyphosphate ion to chelate iron ions (passivating the metal) and from tripolyphosphate ions ability to depolymerize into orthophosphate ions, giving higher phosphate levels than zinc or molybdate phosphate pigments [23]. 

Chromy and Kaminska attribute the corrosion protection entirely to the triphosphate. They suggest that the anion (P30io) reacts with anodic iron to yield an insoluble layer, which is mainly ferric triphosphate. This phosphate coating is insoluble in water, is very hard, and exhibits excellent adhesion to the substrate [39]. 

Aluminum triphosphate has limited solubility in water and is frequently modified with either zinc or silicon to control both solubility and reactivity [23,29]. Researchers have demonstrated that aluminium triphosphate is compatible with various binders, including long-, medium-, and short-oil alkyds epoxies epoxy-polyesters and acrylic-melamine resins [73-76]. Chromy notes that it is particularly effective on rapidly corroding coatings it may therefore be useful in overcoating applications [39]. 

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The most important phosphate-containing pigments are zinc phosphate [5.67]-[5.69], [5.71] basic zinc phosphate [5.70], [5.71] chromium phosphate [5.72] aluminum triphosphate [5.73] barium phosphate [5.53] aluminum zinc phosphate [5.68] and zinc/iron phosphate [5.71], Phosphate ions form protective coatings of basic iron(III) phosphate on an iron surface. Their composition is described in [5.64]. 

Aluminum triphosphate K-White 82, -84 (Teikoku Kako, Japan). 

Property Aluminum triphosphate (commercial product 1 K-White 82) [5.73] Aluminum triphosphate (commercial product 2 K-White 84) [5.73] Aluminum zinc phosphate hydrate (commercial product 3 Heucophos ZPA, Phosphinal PZ 04) [5.68], [5.70]... 

The toxicity of lead, chromium, cadmium, and barium has made the continued use of paints containing these elements highly undesirable. The health and environmental problems associated with these heavy metals are serious, and new problems are discovered all the time. To address this issue, pigment manufacturers have developed many alternative pigments, such as zinc phosphates, calcium ferrites, and aluminum triphosphates, to name a few. The number of proposed alternatives is not lacking in fact, the number and types available are nearly overwhelming. 

Zinc-free phosphates examples include aluminum phosphate, dihydrogen aluminum triphosphate, strontium aluminum polyphosphate and calcium aluminmn polyphosphate silicate. 

Fig. 11. Modes of action of fluorine on osteoblastic cells, (a) Tyrosine phosphatase hypothesis in osteoblastic cells, fluoride ion directly inhibits tyrosine phosphatase. Inhibition of this enzyme enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling molecules induced by receptor tyrosine kinase, which leads to activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) through the Ras pathway and enhanced cell proliferation, (b) G-protein hypothesis in osteoblast-like cells, fluoride ions form a complex with aluminum, probably fluoroaluminate, which interacts with guanosine 5 -diphosphate (GDP) to form guanosine 5 -triphosphate (GTP)-like molecule. Activation of the G, protein stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling molecules by a yet unknown tyrosine kinase (Tyr Kin) and activation of the ERK kinase through the Ras pathway leads to enhanced cell proliferation. (Reproduced by permission of Elsevier from Ref. [175] ...

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that, during recent years, the bioinorganic properties of aluminum coordination compounds have become the objects of detailed study their general aspect [354], metabolism and toxicology [355,356], complex formation with nucleozides of di- and triphosphates and nucleo-zide-bound proteins [357], and x-ray analysis of biologically important complexes... 

Aluminum binds to nucleoside phosphates mainly through the basic terminal phosphate groups. Nucleosides mono-, di-, and triphosphates demonstrate similar phosphate basicity. Aqueous solutions of Al3+ and nucleoside phosphates have a tendency to form ternary complexes with hydroxide in a pH-dependent manner. In addition, there is a possibility of Al3+-bridged complexes being formed. Fig. 3 shows the species distribution for the A13+-ATP system. At physiological pH the merged hydroxo mono complexes predominate [9, 18]. 

ALA-dehydratase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase and decreases Na+, K -ATPase activity, Mg +-ATPase activity, and choline uptake into synaptosomes. In vitro, aluminum displaces magnesium from Mg +-ATP complexes, and it could thus antagonize virtually any phosphatetransferring reaction that uses Mg +-nucleotide triphosphate complexes. 

Betz Entec 422. See Zinc phosphate Betz Entec 423. See Sodium metaphosphate Betz Entec 650P. See Aluminum sulfate Betz Entec 720. See Pentasodium triphosphate Betz Entec 962P. See Polyquaternium-6 Betz Entec E 425. See Phosphoric acid Betz Polymer 1192P. See Polyquaternium-6 Betz Rec-Oil 250. See Ferric sulfate Beutene . See Butyraldehyde-aniline condensation product Bexloy V-572. See Polyester elastomer, thermoplastic... 

Aluminum silicate Hydrochloric acid PEG-135 Pentasodium triphosphate Potassium phosphate tribasic Sodium disilicate Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium metaphosphate Sodium phosphate tribasic Sodium polymetaphosphate... 

C-Addition to carbon-carbon double bonds CC U CC Addition-halogenation 16 576 Adenosine triphosphate as reactant 18 151 Adipic acid as reagent 18 232 Adiponitrile as reagent 17 577 20 302 Air s. Oxygen Alanes (s. a. Aluminum compounds, organo-)... 

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