Alkanolamine surfactants

With mineral acids, the alkanolamines form ammonium salts which hydroly2e readily in the presence of water and dissociate on heating. Fatty acids, such as oleic, give soaps which are highly efficient emulsifying agents with important industrial uses, particularly the soaps of AMP (see Emulsions Surfactants). 

Nonionic surfactants perform well in nonpolar polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene. Examples of nonionic surfactants ate ethoxylated fatty amines, fatty diethanolamides, and mono- and diglycetides (see Amines, fatty amines Alkanolamines). Amphoteric surfactants find Httle use in plastics (134). 

Sodium alcohol sulfates are also used in the formulation of synthetic soaps and paste hand cleaners, commonly together with other surfactants and as tablet disintegrators in the case of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Sodium, but preferably ammonium and alkanolamine salts, is also used in liquid soaps. 

Surfactants are also prepared by the reaction of glycerol derivatives RC02 [CH2CH(0H)CH20] H (R = C6 16 alkyl, n = 1-5) with P4O10 at 60-80°C with subsequent neutralization of the resulting phosphate ester acids with aqueous alkali or alkanolamine solution at 50-70°C [10]. 

Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterifying alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxyl-ated alkylphenols and neutralizing with phosphoric acid. This polymer salt (pH of a 10% aqueous solution = 5.1) was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. 

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low skin irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterification of alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or the alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxylated alkylphenols, and neutralizing with carboxylic or phosphoric acid. The polymer salt was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. Preparation of pharmaceutical liposomes with surfactants derived from phosphoric acid is described in [279]. Lipid bilayer vesicles comprise an anionic or zwitterionic surfactant which when dispersed in H20 at a temperature above the phase transition temperature is in a micellar phase and a second lipid which is a single-chain fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or fatty alcohol which is in an emulsion phase, and cholesterol or a derivative. 

The few examples of deliberate investigation of dynamic processes as reflected by compression/expansion hysteresis have involved monolayers of fatty acids (Munden and Swarbrick, 1973 Munden et al., 1969), lecithins (Bienkowski and Skolnick, 1974 Cook and Webb, 1966), polymer films (Townsend and Buck, 1988) and monolayers of fatty acids and their sodium sulfate salts on aqueous subphases of alkanolamines (Rosano et al., 1971). A few of these studies determined the amount of hysteresis as a function of the rate of compression and expansion. However, no quantitative analysis of the results was attempted. Historically, dynamic surface tension has been used to study the dynamic response of lung phosphatidylcholine surfactant monolayers to a sinusoidal compression/expansion rate in order to mimic the mechanical contraction and expansion of the lungs. 

A third type is the so-called superamide prepared from the methyl esters in a 1 1 mole ratio. They are generally products that have an alkanolamide content in excess of 90%. Some of the same byproducts as in the first type are formed but in much smaller quantities. As a result of the relatively small amounts of free alkanolamine, superamides have poor water solubility. They are used in conjunction with a small amount of anionic or nonionic surfactant, which acts as a solubilizer to form a clear viscous solution (29). 

MPIC Cations Ion-pair formation neutral HC1 Hexane-sulfonic acid Octane-sulfonic acid In addition to the cations listed under HPIC alkylamines, alkanolamines, quaternary ammonium compounds, cationic surfactants, sulfonium compounds, phosphonium compounds... 

Monoglycerides form an inverse hexagonal phase with glycerol, as in water [112], Mixtures of triethanolamine and oleic acid form a nonaqueous lamellar liquid crystal with a surfactant bilayer of soap and acid with intercalated ionized and unionized alkanolamine as solvent [113,114], Lamellar liquid crystals form analogously with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and triethanolamine [115]. 

Citranox . [Akonox] Blend txganic acids, anionic and nonionic surfactants, alkanolamines Uq. detergent... 

Water content is adjusted to the total surfactant concentration of 30-42 % wt. The residual sulphite in the product may be oxidised to sulphate. The sulphonation proceeds also well when using partially hydrated crystalline sodium sulphite in a jacketed shear-stress reactor. This process modification is especially appropriate for manufacturing concentrated sulphosuccinate monoesters as flakes or vermicelli (often with plasticisers and fillers added in situ) suitable in mild synthetic soap bars [78]. The Cn-ig alcohols (I), ethoxylated (x2-4 mole EO) alcohols (II), and fatty monoethanolamides (III) esters of sulphosuccinic acid, mainly as sodium and alkanolamine salts, are of most practical importance as very mild high-foaming surfactants useful for personal care products and in wool, fur, and leather treatment. Very mild disodium PEG-5 laurylcitrate sulphosuccinate (in combination with sodium lauryl ethersulphate) serve for cosmetics produced by Witco as "Rewopol SB CS 50". 

NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS Polyoxyethylenated alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated straight- chain alcohols, alcohol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated polyoxypropylene glycols Polyoxyethylenated mercaptans Long-chain carboxylic acid esters Alkanolamine condensates, alkanolamides Tertiary acetylenic glycols Polyoxyethylenated silicones N-alkylpyrrolidones Alkylpolyglycosides... 

Surfactant alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, alkyl sulfate, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, ethoxylated alcohol, alkanol amide fatty acid, carbamates, amine oxide, ethoxylated alcohols, betaines Builder carbonates, citrates (Tielator EDTA Alkalinity sodium hydroxide, alkanolamines, sodium carbonate Acid phosphoric, dicarboxylic (like glutaric), citric, sulfamic, acetic Solvent alcohols, glycol ether Disinfectant quaternary ammonium surfactants... 

The alkanolamides are condensates of fatty acids and alkanolamines they are nonionic surfactants. Based on different alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamines (DEA), and monoisopropylamine (MIPA), and derivatives from oils and fats, they are hybrids from petrochemistry and from renewable oleochemistry. 

This chapter describes the production of mild surfactants based on fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, and fatty alcohols from the oleochemistry in combination with petrochemical compounds such as alkanolamines, maleic acid anhydride, or glucose/glucose derivatives. 

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