Aerosol monitoring

The contractor at Site H had established area and personnel sampling consistent with HAZWOPER requirements. A photo ionization detector (PID) and a real-time aerosol monitor (RAM) were used on a daily basis to screen for potentially hazardous levels of contaminants. On a weekly basis, personal air samples were collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. PPE requirements, however, were often not based on this data because the oversight agency had established inflexible minimum PPE requirements. The audit team found many of the PPE requirements on Site H to be excessive in light of site monitoring data and hazard determinations. 

A 100 watt ultrasonic bath was used to detach dust from the fiber by wet assay. A Shirley Analyzer (9) was used to remove trash from cotton. In brief, the analyzer contains two rotating cyclinders with saw teeth to mechanically remove the trash from cotton. The Continuous Aerosol Monitoring (CAM) analyzer developed by ppm, Inc. (10) was used to measure airborne dust. 

The alternative Instrument used was a Portable Continuous Aerosol Monitor (PCAM) manufactured by ppm, Inc., and dust concentrations measured with the PCAM were 5-15% lower than values obtained with standard vertical elutriators. Calculations and examples for TWA exposures, equivalency tests, and vertical elutriator coefficients of variation are included. 

Aerosol - Monitor respiratory function and fluid status during treatment. 

The Mitex filters are also made of Teflon, but have no backing material. A 5 ym pore size Mitex filter was used because it is the smallest pore size available. Each of these is available in 37mm diameter disks and can be used in convenient, 3-piece polystyrene filter holders (Millipore Aerosol Monitors). Extracts of samples collected on these filters were tested for stability by conducting the following experiments. 

Figure 5. Here, a coat hanger has been modified to support an aerosol monitoring cassette and sampling hose.

Instantaneous (0.2 s) TSP or RSP 0.1 to 10 xm forward light-scattering GCA-Mini-RAM (personal aerosol monitor), GCA Corporation, Bedford, MA 01730 NA NA... 

Continuous RSP submicrometer lightscattering multisensor monitor Handheld Aerosol Monitor (HAM), PPM Inc., Knoxville, TN 37922 >10 ig/m3 mass concentration 1.5 L/s 3,000- 10,000... 

The preceding discussion indicates that the future trend in aerosol measurement must be toward faster determinations of a much larger number of variables. Many variables have not been considered at all in previous work. The suggested aerosol monitor, described in this section, is a step in that direction. 

Automatic Aerosol Monitor Concept. Functional Requirements. An ideal monitor would automatically collect and analyze aerosol samples and record geographical, meterological, and oceanographic data. It would be capable of operating unattended for the length of a typical cruise (2-4 weeks), and would vary sample collection to adapt to widely differing conditions. It would store data in a standard format accepted by interested laboratories, and display selected results in real time. Finally, the ideal monitor would be constructed mostly from commercially available components. 

Large Data Sets. We have discussed data acquisition problems that must be addressed, but we have not yet considered the question of managing the resultant data. The use of automated aerosol monitors and ancillary instruments will result in massive quantities of data. A typical 4-week experiment in which 10 parameters are monitored at 10-min intervals would require about 0.25 Mbytes of storage. The problems of data storage, organization, and retrieval are likely to be comparable to or greater than the difficulties of data analysis. 

Aerosol monitor(s), automatic concentration range problems, 64 concepts, 63 data storage, 62 filter-paper tape, 66-67 flow conditions, varying, 65 isokinetic flow, 64 sample manipulation, 66 sampling time, 65-66... 

For systems that generate a nerve agent aerosol, there are several ways to characterize the chamber atmosphere. Real-time optical aerosol monitors can be used to monitor the concentration and stability of the chamber atmosphere. Alternatively, glass fiber filters can be used to collect aerosol from the chamber. However, this method only provides information about the average concentration of the chamber atmosphere during the period when the sample was collected and does... 

Unique series of observations of the optical characteristics of stratospheric aerosol were obtained at the station in 1988-2001, with the lidar Maket-l . Since 2002 tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol monitoring has been conducted with a modernized multi-wavelength lidar. The lidar can operate in the two following modes ... 

A similar study was conducted 10 years later in 16 air-conditioned buses and 15 non air-conditioned trams in the city of Hong Kong (China) (Jones et al. 2006). The concentration of PMio was measured using an aerosol monitor placed next to the driver s seat. The levels of PMio in air-conditioned buses were 265.4 83.2 pg/m (mean standard deviation), while in non air-conditioned trams values were 161.1 103.1 pg/m (mean standard deviation). The authors hypothesized that the air filters in the air-conditioned buses were not adequate to filter out larger particles as well as dust and maintain an optimal air-conditioning system within the bus compartment. 

An interesting study evaluated PMio exposure in 31 indoor shopkeepers and 33 outdoor roadside vendors in the Mongkok district of Hong Kong (Jones et al. 2008). PMio concentration was measured inside and outside air-conditioned shops using an aerosol monitor placed in the subject s working environment next to... 

This huge intersubject variability of particle deposition has serious consequences for the therapentic application of aerosols monitoring the inspired mass of a drug is not sufficient monitoring the deposited mass of the drug is necessary. A safe aerosol therapy with drugs of narrow therapeutic width requires therefore individual dosimetry. 

Primary sodium purification system Electric heaters, radioactive aerosol monitoring Insufficient selfcompensation of pipelines 1000 kg... 

Two types of transuranic aerosol monitoring devices are used in nuclear laboratories filter air samplers (FASs) and continuous air monitors (CAMs). The purpose of a FAS is to provide a basis for estimating the dose to workers. This is achieved by operating the FAS for a given period of time (e.g., one week), and then measuring the radioactivity collected by the filter. The analysis is performed remotely and is done... 

Another type of aerosol monitoring device relies on the behavior of a piezoelectric crystal, whose oscillation frequency changes with the mass of aerosol deposited on it. It is called piezoelectric mass sensor. After each sampling period, the concentration of the aerosol is displayed and the crystal is automatically cleaned and ready for the next measurement. Sampling efficiency is affected by both the mass and the size of the particles. Very low sensitivity is observed when the particle size is larger than 10 pm in diameter or larger masses of particles are collected. 

Desired Attributes in a Portable Aerosol Monitor—confc/ Attributes that are important to oonsider... 

The needs of a portable aerosol monitor were identified and prioritized by the broad NOSH membership and have been communicated to interested parties, including external instrument developers, though individual discussions, as well as through an instrument vendor workshop. External and internal efforts continue to focus on portable aerosol monitor concepts and designs since this need remains. 

ABSTRACT Polymer binder modification of polymer mortars with inorganic nanomaterials could be a potential and efficient solution to control matrix flammability of these materials without scarifying other important properties. However, the incorporation of nanomaterials into polymer mortar materials can expose workers and final users to new risks. This research work aims to evaluate the risk in the polymer mortar production with nano-zirconia, focusing on exposure to the NP in a known research laboratory. In order to obtain exposure data control, air particle measurements were made with a Dust-Trak TM Aerosol Monitor (1 pm nozzle). Maximum concentration was observed in the cleaning task (0,195 mg m ). Future challenges relative to nanomaterials exposure prevention and control should focus on the development and use of more sensitive and specific equipment, devices and measurement methods. 

To measure the particles concentrations in the workplace air, the Dust-Trak TM Aerosol Monitor (model 8520) was used, which is the reference equipment for sampling and measuring indoor air quality under buildings HVAC systems regulation. This equipment measures the fine and coarse particles concentration by weight (PM, <1,0 im, PM2 5 < 2,5 p,m and PM, < 10,0 jim). In this study, the i (xm nozzle was used with the aim to detect particles with lower dimension than those of the applied sand. The established maximum concentration limit in Portugal is 0.15 mg m for particles smaller than 10 (im. (M.O.P.T.C., 2006). 

Figure 1. Dust-Trak TM Aerosol Monitor (1) and sequential tasks on PM production (2 to 10). 

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