International efforts

Offences against civil aviation, particularly with regard to unlawful interference with civil aviation related to aircraft have been addressed on three major occasions, though the Tokyo Convention of 1963, The Hague Convention of 1970 and the Montreal Convention of 1971. Yet none of these conventions referred, whether directly or indirectly, to cyber terrorism. 

Alaska due to a viral attack , and in 2008, FAA computers, again in Alaska, were compnnnised and 40,000 usernames and passwords were stolen. In 2009, an FAA public-facing web application computer was compromised, leading to the theft of PH on 48,000 current and fimna- FAA employees , see Nart Villeneuve, Thoughts on Critical Infrastructure 13 December 2009, at http //www.nartv.org/2009/12/13/thoughts-on-critical-inliastructure-protection/. 

Kim Zetter, FAA New Boeing 787 DreamliuCT may be Vulnerable to Hacker Attack, http // www.wired.com/politics/security/news 008/01/dreamlmer seciuity. 

See generally, Abeyratne (1998), which extensively discusses the treaties. See also, Abeyratne (2010a). 

Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation, done at Beijing on 10 September 2010. 

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Confirmation of the destmetion of ozone by chlorine and bromine from halofluorocarbons has led to international efforts to reduce emissions of ozone-destroying CPCs and Halons into the atmosphere. The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (150) (and its 1990 and 1992 revisions) calls for an end to the production of Halons in 1994 and CPCs, carbon tetrachloride, and methylchloroform byjanuary 1, 1996. In 1993, worldwide production of CPCs was reduced to 50% of 1986 levels of 1.13 x 10 and decreases in growth rates of CPC-11 and CPC-12 have been observed (151). 

Solar cells have been used extensively and successfully to power sateUites in space since the late 1950s, where their high power-to-weight ratio and demonstrated rehabiUty are especially desirable characteristics. On earth, where electrical systems typically provide large amounts of power at reasonable costs, three principal technical limitations have thus far impeded the widespread use of photovoltaic products solar cells are expensive, sunlight has a relatively low power density, and commercially available solar cells convert sunlight to electricity with limited efficiency. Clearly, terrestrial solar cells must be reasonably efficient, affordable, and durable. International efforts are dedicated to obtaining such devices, and a number of these activities have been reviewed (1). 

External communications about PSM can parallel internal efforts. For example, the CEO or other senior sponsor might take advantage of a public speaking opportunity or a media interview to discuss the company s commitment to PSM and the ways it has devised to implement it. 

This Chapter reviews some selected historical examples of the development, production and use of reference materials (RMs), from the past century up to the present. It is, of necessity, a rather short and incomplete review describing international efforts in this area. From the references given at the end of this Chapter and at the end of Chapter 3, the reader may investigate further into the past. 

The Reference Materials Committee (REMCO) of ISO was established in 1976 and was initially known as REMPA. The aim of this committee is to carry out and encourage a broad international effort for the harmonization and promotion of CRMs and their production and applications. Through the ISO website (Table 8.4), it is easy to access vast amounts of information about the activities of ISO and its various technical committees. 

Include a 3D ligand-based method. In our internal efforts across two companies, we arrived at the same conclusion as the Merck researchers [106] that a 3D similarity method appears to offer a good balance between effort expended and the number and novelty of hits generated. 

The following four patents awarded to JCCP represent its internal effort in the BDS area (no collaboration with any other organization) ... 

In order to jump-start internal efforts on the DPP-4 inhibitor program, L-threo-(2S,3S)-isoleucyl thiazolidide 3 (Figure 2) and its alio (2S,3R) stereoisomer were... 

Hydrogen fuel cells have become an international effort. Shell Oil established a Hydrogen Economy team dedicated to investigate opportunities in hydrogen manufacturing and fuel cell technology in collaboration with others, including DaimlerChrysler. 

An international effort has been organized to summarize aU knowledge of the 1.8 million known species in a publicly available database. It will be known as the Encyclopedia of Life and is being pulled together by a consortium, including Harvard University, the Smithsonian Institution, and The Atlas of Living Australia. 

Germany, Russia, and the United States were all involved in the synthetic production of element 110 and those elements of higher atomic numbers. This search has been an ongoing international effort by Peter Armbruster s team that in 1994 claimed to have discovered element 110 in their laboratory. (See Properties and Gharacteristics section for more on this discovery.)... 

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) was founded in 1945 and leads international efforts to defeat hunger. It acts as a neutral forum for agreement negotiation and policy debate and is also a source of knowledge and information. FAO helps developing countries... 

Covers tobacco and international efforts to track and reduce use of tobacco. 

Information on international efforts to reduce persistent pollutants. 

Human Genome Project—Decades-long international effort by hundreds of laboratories and thousands of scientists to determine the sequence of human DNA. 

Reduction of CFCs has come about as the result of an international effort that was begun at a meeting in Montreal, Canada, in September 1987. At that meeting, 24 nations and the European Community (a group of 12 nations that signed as a single entity)... 

United Kingdom United States European Commission Other International Efforts... 

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