Adenoid

Kasamatsu A, Endo Y, Uzawa K, Nakashima D, Koike H, Hashitani S, et al. Identification of candidate genes associated with salivary adenoid cystic carcinomas using combined comparative genomic hybridization and oligonucleotide microarray analyses. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005 37 1869-80. 

Adenoviruses Adenovirus Icosahedral particles 80nm in diameter Commonly cause upper respiratory tract infections tend to produce latent infections in tonsils and adenoids will produce tumours on injection into hamsters, rats or mice... 

Nickel dust 15 mg/m3 lifetime exposure Increased frequency of adenoidal lesions and chronic sinus inflammation and ulceration 7... 

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) produced by monocytes and several other cell types [70, 146] has a wide array of biological properties, including T cell activation and inflammatory interactions with muscle, liver, fibroblasts, brain and bone [70, 146], IL-1, both natural and recombinant, has been shown to release histamine from human basophils and from human adenoidal mast cells [70,146,151] and this release was abolished by an IL-1 antibody. However, the average release produced by 10 units of IL-1 was less than 20% and there was considerable variability between populations of basophils in the extent of histamine release. Moreover, the secretory response elicited was quite slow (within 15 min) compared with that of other peptides [151]. Desensitization of the basophils by anti-IgE serum had no effect on the subsequent IL-1 response, suggesting different mechanisms of action [ 151], as has been the case with other peptides. Interestingly, the portion of the IL-1 molecule that is responsible for its immu-nostimulatory activity appears to be separate from that portion responsible for its proinflammatory effects [152]. However, that portion of the molecule responsible for eliciting basophil and mast-cell histamine release has not as yet been defined. 

Fig. 13.6 Triple staining of an adenoid cystic carcinoma for K14 (green a), (b) for K8/18 (red b) and for SMA (pink c). Note that the k 4+ cells differentiate to glandular and myoepithelial cells...

Tissues - Tissues involved in the immune system, the cellular system, are the lymph nodes, located in the neck, underarms and groin areas spleen, above the kidneys tonsils and adenoids and Peyer s patches, found in the area of the small intestine as well as the appendix located near the large intestine. All of these are located at key places in the body so as to interact with the available blood supply. 

Rat. Four groups of 120 male and 120 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0 (control), 50,400 and 4000 ppb [0, 0.37,2.9 and 29 mg/m- ] hexamethylphosphoramide vapour for 6 h per day on five days per week for periods ranging from nine months to two years. In an additional study, four groups of 100 male and 100 female rats were similarly exposed to 0, 10, 50 and 100 ppb [0, 73, 370 and 730 pg/m ] atmospheres. Nasal tumours were first found after approximately seven months of exposure at 400 and 4000 ppb, after nine months at 100 ppb and after 12 months at 50 ppb. No exposure-related tumours were found at 10 ppb. Tumour incidences at 24 months were 50 ppb, 15% (12 months of exposure) and 25% (24 months of exposure) 100 ppb, 19% (six months of exposure) and 56% (13 months of exposure) 400 ppb, 82% (10 months of exposure) 4000 ppb, 83% (nine months of exposure). Most tumours developed in the squamous or respiratory epithelium and nasal glands, all of which showed squamous metaplasia or dysplasia in the anterior nasal cavity. Exposure concentrations correlated with tumour incidence and latency, but not with tumour type. The total of 473 nasal tumours included 72% epidermoid carcinomas, 15% adenoid squamous carcinomas and 8% papillomas. Most tumours (59%) developed in the anterior nasal cavity and then progressed to the posterior nasal cavity (41%) (Lee Trochimowicz, 1982a). 

Regarding human tissues, the few data available are contradictory, since according to some authors (Tedeschi et al., 1991) histamine release from basophils is not modified by H3 receptor ligands. In other studies (Bent et al., 1991), it was found that thioperamide could increase histamine release from adenoidal mast cells, but apparently (R)a-methylhistamine was totally inactive. In any case the concentrations of thioperamide are much higher than those necessary to block H3 receptors, thus suggesting that other mechanisms might be involved. Raible et al., (1994) hypothesized by the use of thioperamide, the presence of H3 receptors on human eosinophils which mediate histamine-induced increase in cytosolic calcium mobilization. However, the low efficacy of the known H3 receptor agonists, -as stimuli for eosinophils... 

Bent, S., Fehling, U., Braam, U., Schmutzler, W., 1991. The influence of Hi, H2- and H3-receptors on the spontaneous and ConA induced histamine release from human adenoidal mast cells. Agents Actions 33, 67-70. 

Adenoid cystic carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma and... 

Hirabayashi, S. 1999. Immunohistochemical detection of DNA topoisomerase type II a and Ki-67 in adenoid cystic carcinoma and pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland. 7. Oral Pathol. Med. 25 131—136. 

Nordgard, S., Franzen, G., Boysen, M., and Halvorsen, T. B. 1997. Ki-67 as a prognostic marker in adenoid cystic carcinoma assessed with the monoclonal antibody MIB-1 in paraffin sections. Laryngoscope 707 531-536. 

Gallbladder problems, water retention, jaundice, general debility Colic, flatulence, indigestion, coughs, conjunctivitis The common cold, coughs, adenoid problems, respiratory infections, other bacterial infections, high blood pressure (hypertension), acne The common cold, coughs, sore throat, respiratory infections, loss of appetite, bruises, anxiety... 

Bruises, bums, healing wounds, skin inflammation, conjunctivitis, some fungal infections, adenoid problems... 

IgE has the lowest percentage of total Ig at only 0.002 %, and the serum concentration approximates only 0.00002 mg/mL. This isotype is derived from adenoid tissue and then transported into the blood. In spite of its small quantities, IgE is very important in, and is responsible for, about 90% of allergic reactions. The impact of this immunoglobulin is to trigger the release of vasodilators for an inflammatory response, for example histamine. IgE may also protect external mucosal surfaces by promoting inflammation and enabling IgG, complement proteins and leucocytes to enter the tissue. 

In children, physical examination may reveal dark circles under the eyes (allergic shiners), a transverse nasal crease caused by repeated rubbing of the nose, adenoidal breathing, edematous nasal turbinates coated with clear secretions, tearing, conjunctival injection and edema, and periorbital swelling. Physical findings are generally less obvious in adults. 

The lymphatic system is the body s network of organs, ducts, and tissues that filter harmful substances out of the fluid that surrounds body tissues. Lymphatic organs include the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, appendix, tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, and Peyer s patches (in... 

The final example of functional heterogeneity which we will illustrate relates to drug modulation of mediator release. Using mast cells dispersed from human lung, skin, adenoids, tonsils and colon, we have shown each to be similarly sensitive to /3-stimulants and theophyllinelike drugs, concentrations of 10 M and 5 x lO M,... 

Lowman, M.A., Rees, P.H., Benyon, R.C. and Church, M.K. (1988c). Human mast cell hetert neity Histamine release from mast cells dispersed from skin, lung, adenoids, tonsils and intestinal mucosa in response to IgE-dependent and non-immunological stimuli. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 81, 590-597. 

Lymphatic tissues constitute the principal parts of the immune system. The central immune system lymphatic tissues are bone marrow and the thymus gland. The peripheral lymphatic tissues are the spleen, lymph nodes (which are distributed throughout the body), tonsils, and adenoids. There are also lymph tissue agglomerates that are present in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and the skin, making lungs, gut, and skin particularly vulnerable to attack by chemical toxins. 

The serum immunoglobulin pattern has been constant in these cases, and isoagglutinins were absent in four of the boys. The responses to oral poliomyelitis vaccine have been poor Since this oral vaccine usually evokes IgA antibodies, this suggests that the patients IgA may be largely inert. Subnormal responses to diphtheria and TAB are recorded. Lymphocyte transformation to PHA and delayed hypersensitivity were normal where tested. The tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen were normal except in one case with lymphopenia, where tomography did not reveal any thymus, and tonsils, adenoids, and lymph nodes could not be detected (SI). The prognosis seems similar to that for Bruton s disease. 

OSA is cansed by occlusion of the upper airway due to factors such as obesity, and fixed upper airway lesions such as polyps, as well as enlarged tonsils or adenoids or the tongue. It can also be caused by acromegaly, amyloidosis, and hypothyroidism, as well as neurological conditions that impair upper airway muscle tone. Medical complications inclnde arrhythmias, hypertension, cor pulmonale, and sndden death. ... 

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