Additive environmental protection

Large industrial sites generally have a mechanochemical biological wastewater-treatment plant (clarification plant). The wastewaters of the individual production plants are collected and delivered to the clarification plant (additive environmental protection). It essentially consists of the following steps ... 

Environmental protection in the chemical industry is divided into product related and production related areas. Environmental protection related to products covers the development and production of environmentally friendly products (e.g., paints, herbi-cides/pesticides, washing powder) and treatment of product wastes from processing and consumption (Chap. 4). Environmental protection related to production covers the concept of the production-integrated environmental protection and additive environmental protection. Additiv environmental protection is the German term for end-of-pipe technology. This further subdivision can be examined in Figure 4 [18]. 

Additive Environmental Protection. If the technical and economic possibilities for preventing, avoiding, or reusing residues (as part of a production-integrated environmental protection program) are exhausted, additive environmental technologies must be used ... 

In the past, the main emphasis was on additive environmental protection employing conventional purification and disposal methods. Nevertheless, methods of recovery and utilization have long been used in the chemical industry, and can even be found at the beginning of industrial production [38]. 

In additive environmental protection, harmful substances formed in a production process are disposed of at a later stage. There is no saving of raw material instead, residues are converted into a comparatively environmentally harmless form by the use of additional raw materials and energy. 

The usually higher degree of complexity of production-integrated methods compared to conventional processes with additive environmental protection... 

The fraction of the process costs used for environmental protection is reduced from 21 to 1%. This fraction includes the cost of the additive environmental protection (waste incineration and purification of wastewater and waste gas). Thus, the absolute environmental protection costs are reduced by 90% per tonne of 7-ACS. 

The commercial uses of arsenic compounds in 1988, measured in terms of elemental arsenic, are wood (qv) preservatives, 69% agricultural products (herbicides (qv) and desiccants (qv)), 23% glass (qv), 4% nonferrous alloys and electronics, 2% and animal feed additives and pharmaceuticals (qv), 2% (see Feeds AND feed additives). Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) [11125-95-4] is the most widely used arsenic-based wood preservative. The Environmental Protection Agency has, however, restricted the use of arsenical wood preservatives to certified appHcators. 

All four butanols are registered ia the United States on the Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory, a prerequisite for the manufacture or importation for commercial sale of any chemical substance or mixture ia quantities greater than a 1000 pounds (454 kg). Additionally, the manufacture and distribution of the butanols ia the United States are regulated under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), Section 313, which requires that anyone handling at least 10,000 pounds (4545 kg) a year of a chemical substance report to both the EPA and the state any release of that substance to the environment. 

Drinking water suppHed to carbonated soft drink manufacturing faciUties from private or municipal sources must comply with all regulatory requirements. Treated water must meet all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels and may also be subject to additional state requirements. Treated water is routinely analyzed for taste, odor, appearance, chlorine, alkalinity, iron, pH, total dissolved soHds, hardness, and microbiological contamination. 

Offsets Policy Offsets were EPAs first application of the concept that one source could meet its environmental protection obligations by getting another source to assume additional control actions. In nonattainment areas, pollution from a proposed new source, even one that controls its emissions to the lowest possible level, would aggravate existing violations of ambient air-quahty standards and trigger the statutory prohibition. The offsets policy provided these new sources with an alternative. The source could proceed with construction plans, provided that ... 

In addition, restrictions on industrial air emissions under the Clean Air Act (CAA) as amended in 1977, the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, and other state and local statutes and regulations have universal impact on the storage of toxic materials, with direct and significant effects on the design and operation of toxic material storage facilities. Whereas the primary factors which once determined how air emissions from storage tanks were handled were fire protection and loss prevention, in recent years environmental protection concerns nearly always determine the extent and nature of the air emission controls required to be installed. 

Anonymous, How to Prevent Runaway Reactions, EPA 550-F99-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, August 1999. In addition to the accidents mentioned in the reference, a significant number occurred prior to the 1989 time frame. Serious incidents arc recorded as early as 1957. Accident recording before 1957 was incomplete. 

A leader in applying PSA to other parts of the chemical process industry has been the AlChf. s Center for Chemical Process Safety. A major difference between PSA for nuclear power and PSA for chemical processing has been the lack of government regulations that require risk analysis for chemical processes. A primary impetuous has been the Occupational Safety and Health Administration s (OSHA) PSM rule that defines the application of PSA to the chemical industry for ihc proteciion of the public and workers. In addition, the Environmental Protection Agcrii, . (EPA) regulates waste disposal. 

In addition to the solid waste problem, we can also expect that with expanding population or expanding demands of a static population, there will be societal pressure to reduce material usage over and above cost factors. These pressures could result in legislation to expand the environmental protection philosophy. For example, since plant materials are a renewable resource as well as readily recyclable, we may expect forced increases in paper-based packages. 

Airlift loop reactor (ALR), basically a specially structured bubble column, has been widely used in chemical industry, biotechnology and environmental protection, due to its high efficiency in mixing, mass transfer, heat transfer etc [1]. In these processes, multiple reactions are commonly involved, in addition to their complicated aspects of mixing, mass transfer, and heat transfer. The interaction of all these obviously affects selectivity of the desired products [2]. It is, therefore, essential to develop efficient computational flow models to reveal more about such a complicated process and to facilitate design and scale up tasks of the reactor. However, in the past decades, most involved studies were usually carried out in air-water system and the assumed reactor constructions were oversimplified which kept itself far away from the real industrial conditions [3] [4]. 

Eastern Research Group and Syracuse Research Corporation (2005) Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Additives for Low-Density Polyurethane Foam. United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 742-R-05-002A. 

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