Source municipal

Acrolein has been detected in effluent water streams from industrial and municipal sources. Municipal effluents from Dayton, Ohio, for example, contained between 20 and 200 pg acrolein/L in 6 of 11 analyzed samples (USEPA 1980 Beauchamp et al. 1985). Acrolein is also a component of many foods, and processing may increase the acrolein content (USEPA 1980). Acrolein has been identified in raw turkey, potatoes, onions, coffee grounds, raw cocoa beans, alcoholic beverages, hops (USEPA 1980), white bread, sugarcane molasses, souring salted pork, and cooked bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) (Beauchamp et al. 1985). 

Outdoor Air Pollution. Applications include monitoring neighborhoods near a small local source municipal incinerators photochemical smog episodes and their impact on outdoor athletics and recreation urban traffic congestion and dust resuspension from hazardous wastes. 

To illustrate the external standard mode of instrument calibration and subsequent quantitative analysis, a real analysis of the author s drinking water is sampled at the kitchen faucet and at the refrigerator faucet. Both sampling sites are derived from the same source, municipal drinking water from Meridian Township, Michigan. Both samples were reported to contain all four trihalomethanes. This author was surprised to observe that with the exception of chloroform, the other three THMs were somewhat lower in concentration in tepid water versus refrigerator chilled water To this... 

In regard to water pollution, reports pointed out that water pollutants have the ability to harm aquatic life, threaten human health, or result in the loss of recreational or aesthetic potential. Surface water pollutants come from industrial sources, nonpoint sources, municipal sources, background sources, and other/ unknown sources. Out of the eight chief water pollutants—biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients, suspended solids, pH, oil and grease, pathogenic microorganisms, toxic pollutants, and nontoxic pollutants—all, in one way or another, are linked to chemistry and the chemical industry. 

Sources of water for aquaculture include municipal suppHes, wells, springs, streams, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, and the ocean. The water may be used directly from the source or it may be treated in some fashion prior to use (see Water). 

Many municipal water sources are chlorinated and contain sufficiently high levels of chlorine so as to be toxic to aquatic life. Chlorine can be removed by passing the water through activated charcoal filters or through the use of sodium thiosulfate metered into the incoming water. Municipal water is usually not used in aquaculture operations that utilize large quantities of water, either continuously or periodically, because of the initial high cost of the water and the cost of pretreatment to remove chlorine. 

Increasing consumption of recovered paper is expected to remain a significant factor ia patterns of fiber production and demand, and is likely to iacrease as governments legislate iacreased recovery of fiber from municipal soHd waste. Abundant sources of secondary fiber offer world papermakers a less expensive alternative to virgin fiber. 

Scrap from municipal refuse may be in the form of source-separated steel cans, a mixed ferrous fraction, metal magnetically separated from mixed waste or incinerator ash, and C D debris. An ASTM specification (E1134-86) was developed in 1991 for source-separated steel cans. The Steel Recycling Institute has a descriptive steel can specification entitled "Steel Can Scrap Specifications". PubHshed standards for municipal ferrous scrap also include ASTM E701-80, which defines chemical and physical test methods, and ASTM E702-85 which covers the chemical and physical requirements of ferrous scrap for several scrap-consurning industries. 

Fig. 6. An iategrated approach to the management of municipal soHd waste (MSW), advocated by the U.S. EPA, that links source segregation, recycling, waste-to-energy (WTE), and landfilling ia a single system. Source segregation refers to the separation of compostable and recyclable components from the balance of the trash at the poiat where MSW is collected. In source reduction (not shown), another action to reduce waste to landfills, changes are made ia...

Makeup. Makeup treatment depends extensively on the source water. Some steam systems use municipal water as a source. These systems may require dechlorination followed by reverse osmosis (qv) and ion exchange. Other systems use weUwater. In hard water areas, these systems include softening before further purification. Surface waters may require removal of suspended soHds by sedimentation (qv), coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. Calcium may be reduced by precipitation softening or lime softening. Organic contaminants can be removed by absorption on activated carbon. Details of makeup water treatment may be found in many handbooks (22—24) as well as in technical Hterature from water treatment chemical suppHers. 

Another type of aboveground tank is the elevated tank. These tanks, elevated by stmctural supports, are almost exclusively relegated to the domain of the municipal water supply companies. Because the municipal water supply is considered a vital pubHc resource, tanks are often elevated for the reason that gravity as a source of pressure is considered more reHable for distribution to the market. Although the same effect can be accompHshed by placing tanks on bills, where this is not possible the tanks are elevated by stmctural steel supports. 

Drinking water suppHed to carbonated soft drink manufacturing faciUties from private or municipal sources must comply with all regulatory requirements. Treated water must meet all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels and may also be subject to additional state requirements. Treated water is routinely analyzed for taste, odor, appearance, chlorine, alkalinity, iron, pH, total dissolved soHds, hardness, and microbiological contamination. 

Source-Based Effluent Limitations Under the FWPCA, EPA was responsible for establishing point-source effluent hmitations for municipal dischargers, industri dischargers, industrial users of municipal treatment works, and effluent hmitations for toxic substances (apphcable to all dischargers). 

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) were promulgated under Sections 111(b) and 129 of the CAA Amendments of 1990. The NSPS apphes to new municipal sohd-waste combustors (MWCs) with... 

Venmri scrubbers have been applied to control PM emissions from utility, industrial, commercial, and institutional boilers fired with coal, oil, wood, and liquid waste. They have also been applied to control emission sources in the chemical, mineral products, wood, pulp and paper, rock products, and asphalt manufacrnring industries lead, aluminum, iron and steel, and gray iron production industries and to municipal solid waste incinerators. Typically, venturi scrubbers are applied where it is necessary to obtain high collection efficiencies for fine PM. Thus, they are applicable to controlling emission sources with high concentrations of submicron PM. 

At the Taylor Road landfill (originally intended for the disposal of municipal refuse only), unknown quantities of hazardous wastes from industrial and residential sources were deposited. During the period when the landfill was active, soil and groundwater samples collected at the site were found to contain concentrations of volatile organic compounds and metals above acceptable safe drinking water standards. Analysis of samples collected from private drinking water wells indicated that contamination... 

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