Additional equipment required

A hot cell is necessary for post irradiation handling of the specimen. The testing equipment usually employed includes  

In addition, data processing, storage and retrieval hardware and software are required to establish a database. 

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While the first STM studies of electrode surfaces were performed with self-built instruments, scanning tunneling microscopes for electrochemical use are nowadays commercially available at a price that hardly justifies the effort of homemade equipment. Nevertheless, new instrumental designs are now and then discussed in the literature, which are still worthwhile to be considered for special applications. There is, however, additional equipment required for the operation of an electrochemical STM, for which homemade designs may be advantageous over commercially available ones and hence is briefly mentioned here in terms of tip preparation and isolation, the electrochemical cell, and vibration damping. 

Fig. 15.7 The additional equipment required in a membrane electrolyser plant. 

The standard list of equipment is made up of a set of equipment that is generally recommended for each lab bench station in the chemistry laboratory. For all lab activities in this program, it is assumed that your classroom is equipped with these items for each setup of a MiniLab or ChemLab. Additional equipment required for the course is listed under Nonconsumables. The listed amounts of Chemicals and Other Consumables for MiniLabs and ChemLabs are sufficient for one lab setup per student or group of students. 

Coal Feed. As in the case of steam reforming versus partial oxidation, a plant based on use of coal as feedstock is expected to cost more than one based on partial oxidation because of additional equipment requirements, particularly with regard to coal handling operations, gasification and raw gas treatment. Despite these cost differences, coal based plants can be justified if the cost of coal is sufficiently low, that is, relative to light or heavy hydrocarbons. The approximate investment for a coal-based plant appears to be about 2.0 times that for a natural gas plant.The investment is about 33% more for a fuel oil... 

Because of extremes in gas volume processed (turn-down ratio), the desige basis in (his case represents only half (be anticipated peak volume. A second distillation plant will be required. With membraues, however, additional membrane capecity at the from end can be added as needed withom additional equipment required in (he distillation section. Aanlyses of sevami associated ges forecasts indicate the exit ges from lhe first stage of membranes lo be remarkably stable in composition and flow rate. This flexibility is not shown in a single case economic comparison,"... 

Processors of various sizes may ask themselves about the degree to which they can add fillers to resin themselves, compared with relying on compounding specialists. The practical arguments about this are mentioned above, but there may be additional cost issues, volumes, and market forces that do or do not justify the additional equipment required. 

The following discusses the major equipment and facilities required for producing commercial grade sulfuric acid from sulfur as the main raw material by the DCDA process. Additional equipment required for producing the acid from sulfide ores is also mentioned. This list is not exhaustive. 

However, this is not universally practiced because of the cost of additional equipment required for this operation and the corrosive nature of the medium. As a result, the chlorine current efficiency is decreased to the extent that is consumed by chlorine during the formation of chlorate, which can be described by the reaction scheme (133). 

As a third item, technical feasibility of the process has to be considered, as well as the costs of the decontamination and of the installations and the chemicals required. If plant systems (e. g. pumps, heat exchangers) are needed for the procedure, as is sometimes the case in the decontamination of subsystems and full primary systems, then the parameters of the procedure must be tailored to the conditions of these systems. As often only limited space is available in the plant, the extent of additional equipment required must be kept low. The time needed for carrying out the process is also an important parameter, in particular when the decontamination is on the critical path of a plant outage. This impUes that the procedure and installations have to be qualified prior to beginning decontamination work a sufficient number of specialists as well as sufficient time for preparatory work, therefore, is an indispensable requirement. In this preparatory work it has to be remembered that the decontamination will result in the transport of a considerable amount of radioactivity from the treated circuit or component to the decontamination equipment therefore, health physics considerations have to be taken into account, possibly requiring shieldings and/or remote-controlled facilities. 

Table 2, Appendix n, for the same instmments, provides a list of the additional equipment required to operate the spectrometer and the constmction, operation and maintenance costs.

Miscellaneous Apparatus—Specific combustion assemblies require additional equipment such as crucibles, combustion boats, crucible lids, boat pushers, separator disks, combustion tubes, sample inserters, oxygen flow indicator, and oxygen drying trains. The additional equipment required is dependent on the type of furnace used and is available from the manufacturer of the specific combustion unit. To attain the lower sulfur concentration given in Section 1, the ceramics used with the induction furnace assembly shall be ignited in a muffle furnace at 13 rc (2500°F) for at least 4 h before use. 

The only additional equipment required are gas-flow end-window counters, and a counting system for which an absolute calibration is known (see Figs. 6.2 and 6.3). The experimental arrangement is shown in Fig. 6.4. 

From an academic point of view, many applications using ILs results very attractive however, in practice such results are difficult to apply for many reasons, such as economy, product disponibility, ILs stablility, lost of activity during recycling and additional equipments required. 

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