Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate-styrene

Wooding and Higginson (94) have polymerized acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, styrene and butadiene with a wide variety of alkoxides and other basic materials. The ease of polymerization of monomer is in the above mentioned order. A further study of the polymerization of acrylonitrile by Zilka, Feit, and Frankel using alkoxides has also been reported (104). These workers also studied the polymerization of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile in dimethyl-formamide by aqueous quaternary ammonium hydroxides (106). 

Acrylonitrile Methyl methacrylate Styrene Vinyl Acetate Vinyl Chloride... 

Anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid was used as the photoinitiator to photograft acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, styrene and vinyl acetate upon cellulose. The radical site formed on the cellulose chain initiated polymerization of quantities of monomers of up to three-and-one-half times the weight of the cellulose 18>. 

Selective solvation has been proved in many cases [233-235]. On the other hand, the behaviour r, 1, Y2 1 is a common feature of anionic copolymerization. One monomer is usually much more reactive to either type of active centre in the order acrylonitrile > methyl methacrylate > styrene > butadiene > isoprene, in agreement with its electron affinity [235]. 

The selection of a monomer for PIC depends on its impregnation and polymerisation characteristics. Vinyl monomers such as acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, styrene and vinyl acetate containing an initiator are the most commonly used materials for PIC production. 

Impact-resistant molding blends Acrylonitrile Methyl methacrylate Styrene Styrene Japan 21,460 1980 Toray Industries... 

Solvent Acrylonitrile Methyl Methacrylate Styrene Vinyl Acetate... 

A third source of initiator for emulsion polymerisation is hydroxyl radicals created by y-radiation of water. A review of radiation-induced emulsion polymerisation detailed efforts to use y-radiation to produce styrene, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, and other similar polymers (60). The economics of y-radiation processes are claimed to compare favorably with conventional techniques although worldwide iadustrial appHcation of y-radiation processes has yet to occur. Use of y-radiation has been made for laboratory study because radical generation can be turned on and off quickly and at various rates (61). 

Methyl methacrylate-styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer >10 8.4 1.4 87 4,700 480 0,020 0,025 C11... 

Several radical copolymerizations of vinyl 2-furoate with well-known monomers (50 50) were also studied. Complete inhibition was obtained with vinyl acetate, very strong retardation with styrene, vinyl chloride and acrylonitrile methyl methacrylate homopolymerized without appreciable decrease in rate. It is evident that the degree of retardation that vinyl 2-furoate imposes upon the other monomer depends on the stability of the latter s free radical. With styrene and vinyl chloride the small amounts of fairly low molecular-weight products contained units from vinyl 2-furoate which had entered the chain both through the vinyl bond and through the ring (infrared band at 1640 cm-1). 

Lignite can be grafted with synthetic comonomers to obtain lignite fluid loss additives [873]. Comonomers can be AMPS, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylacetate, acrylonitrile, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, styrene sulfonate, vinyl sulfonate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride quaternary, and acrylic acid and its salts. 

Fig. 56. Dependence of specific refractive index increment on conversion of monomers to polymer for a styrene/acrylonitrile/methyl methacrylate terpolymer in methyl ethyl ketone at 20 °C and 436 nm. (a) - partial azeotrope, (b) terpolymer with composition distribution163 ...

Radiation Induced Reactions. Graft polymers have been prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) by the irradiation of the polymer-monomer system and some other methods. The grafted side chains reported include acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, ethylene, ethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl pyridine and vinyl pyrrolidone (13). Poly(vinyl alcohols) with grafted methyl methacrylate and sometimes methyl acrylate have been studied as membranes for hemodialysis (14). Graft polymers consisting of 50% poly(vinyl alcohol), 25% poly(vinyl acetate) and 25% grafted ethylene oxide units can be used to prepare capsule cases for drugs which do not require any additional plasticizers (15). 

List C contains peroxidisable monomers, where the presence of peroxide may initiate exothermic polymerisation of the bulk of material. Precautions and procedures for storage and use of monomers with or without the presence of inhibitors are discussed in detail. Examples cited are acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, butadiene, 2-chlorobutadiene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, methyl methacrylate, styrene, tetraflu-oroethylene, vinyl acetate, vinylacetylene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and vinylpyridine [1]. 

Although this method yields a mixture of homopolymer and graft copolymer, and probably also ungrafted backbone polymer, some of the systems have commercial utility. These are high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) [styrene polymerized in the presence of poly(l,3-buta-diene)], ABS and MBS [styrene-acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate-styrene, respectively, copolymerized in the presence of either poly(l,3-butadiene) or SBR] (Sec. 6-8a). 

Figure 17 (69) shows the mechanical behavior of different synthetic elastomers. They were found to be generally less efficient than natural rubber in promoting polymerization because of reduced stress during mastication due to greater softening by monomer addition. Nitrile rubber crumbed with methyl methacrylate, styrene and acrylonitrile. 

Ceresa synthetized also block copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) with acrylonitrile and styrene and of polyethylene with methyl methacrylate, styrene using this method (104). 

A critical appreciation of this review shows that there has been a large interest on the subject in the last twenty years. Most of the papers and patents deal with immersion techniques. Irradiation with gamma-rays seems to be the field to which more attention has been given. Practically all common unsaturated monomers have been studied more or less extensively, in specially styrene, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate, respectively. In more recent years, grafts have been attached to the backbone polymer through reactions of the branch polymer with active centers generated on the polyamide matrix. 

Guzman (53) investigated the ceric ion initiated grafting of acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methyl methacrylate, styrene, vinyl acetate, methacrylate, acrylic anhydride, and isoprene to cellulose. Intense grafting was obtained with acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methacrylate and acrylic anhydride. 

Kargin, Usmanov, and Aikhodzhaev (64) used a similar technique of ozonization to introduce hydroperoxide groups into cellulose substrates. They observed grafting of styrene to ozonized viscose tire cord even without the presence of any other initiating system imparting improved rubber-adhesion to the rayon tire cord. In a later report, Usmanov, Aikhodzhaev, and Azizov (65) described the grafting of acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, methylvinylpyridine, and of vinylacetate onto ozonized cellulose. 

The polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of natural rubber, which is also an unsaturated polymer, has been examined initially by Le Bras and Compagnon (67, 740, 141). Jacobson (118) described graft copolymers of rubber latex with methyl methacrylate, styrene, acrylonitrile, etc. 

Polymer Components Firestone FR-S-2004 59.2% polybutadiene latex (polybutadiene equivalent) styrene acrylonitrile methyl methacrylate Dispersion Medium deionized distilled water (total)... 

For ambient or low temperature application, thermoplastic polymers can be used. Low cost monomers that have been used in this category include ethylene, ethylene-S02, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, styrene-acrylonitrile, and chlorostyrene. Others awaiting test are vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and terf-butylstyrene. These monomers are limited for use at temperatures below / 100°C because of their softening points. 

ABA ABS ABS-PC ABS-PVC ACM ACS AES AMMA AN APET APP ASA BR BS CA CAB CAP CN CP CPE CPET CPP CPVC CR CTA DAM DAP DMT ECTFE EEA EMA EMAA EMAC EMPP EnBA EP EPM ESI EVA(C) EVOH FEP HDI HDPE HIPS HMDI IPI LDPE LLDPE MBS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-polycarbonate alloy Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-poly(vinyl chloride) alloy Acrylic acid ester rubber Acrylonitrile-chlorinated pe-styrene Acrylonitrile-ethylene-propylene-styrene Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate Acrylonitrile Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate Atactic polypropylene Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber Butadiene styrene rubber Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate-butyrate Cellulose acetate-propionate Cellulose nitrate Cellulose propionate Chlorinated polyethylene Crystalline polyethylene terephthalate Cast polypropylene Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Chloroprene rubber Cellulose triacetate Diallyl maleate Diallyl phthalate Terephthalic acid, dimethyl ester Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Ethylene-ethyl acrylate Ethylene-methyl acrylate Ethylene methacrylic acid Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer Elastomer modified polypropylene Ethylene normal butyl acrylate Epoxy resin, also ethylene-propylene Ethylene-propylene rubber Ethylene-styrene copolymers Polyethylene-vinyl acetate Polyethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers Hexamethylene diisocyanate High-density polyethylene High-impact polystyrene Diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane Isophorone diisocyanate Low-density polyethylene Linear low-density polyethylene Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene... 

Group 3 — Test every 12 months Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Butadiene Chloroprene Chlorotrifluoroethene Methyl methacrylate Styrene... 

The thermoplastic polymers we studied included the polyolefins as polyethylene and polypropylene the polyacrylates and methacrylates as poly (methyl methacrylate) styrene polymers including both clear and impact types and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics. Fire retardance was evaluated by the D-635 procedure as described previously (19). 

Fig. 22a-h. Glass transition temperature versus composition of copolymers methyl methacrylate + styrene (a) styrene + methyl acrylate (b) acrylonitrile + styrene (c) vinyl chloride + methyl acrylate (d) methyl methacrylate + vinyl chloride (e) acrylonitrile + butadiene (f) acrylonitrile + vinyl acetate (g) a-methyl styrene + acrylonitrile (h). Experimental points obtained at low conversions from various publications, are compared to the theoretical plots calculated according to Eqs. (7.1) within the framework of the terminal model [18]... 

Some radical initiators decomposing by heat can also be decomposed by UV radiation. Photopolymerization of acrylonitrile in the presence of AIBN or hydrogen peroxide, or of other initiators [75-78] has been reported. The quantum yield of AIBN decomposition is 0.4 at 298 K and 0.6 at 318 K. Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate, styrene, and vinyl acetate can be initiated by tetramethylsilane, methylchlorosilanes, and halides of Group IV metals [79]. We assume that the radicals are formed by homolytic splitting of the covalent bond... 

The value of the exponent in eqn. (106) lies in the range 1 m 2. Monomers of widely differing polarity represent the extreme case with m = 2. This behaviour is observed, for example, with the pairs styrene—methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile—methyl methacrylate. The other extreme, represented by the condition (105), was observed in copolymerizing monomers of very similar polarity with m = 1 (e. g. styrene—isoprene). The rate of co-addition generally increases with increasing temperature, and m decreases to 1, even for very dissimilar monomers (acrylonitrile—methyl methacrylate [194]). 

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