Onsite impact

Consequence Phase 3 Develop Detailed Quantitative Estimate of the impacts of the Accident Scenarios. Sometimes an accident scenario is not understood enough to make risk-based decisions without having a more quantitative estimation of the effects. Quantitative consequence analysis will vary according to the hazards of interest (e.g., toxic, flammable, or reactive materials), specific accident scenarios (e.g., releases, runaway reactions, fires, or explosions), and consequence type of interest (e.g., onsite impacts, offsite impacts, environmental releases). The general technique is to model release rates/quantities, dispersion of released materials, fires, and explosions, and then estimate the effects of these events on employees, the public, the facility, neighboring facilities, and the environment. 

Reactive incidents primarily cause onsite impacts, such as worker fatalities and injuries-and severe business impacts, including lost production and property damage. However, a significant number of incidents have led to public impacts,29 which include public harm (injury or fatality), offsite evacuation, or shelter-in-place. Nearly 50 of the 167 incidents in the CSB data affected the public. At least eight of the 12 reactive incidents listed in Table 2 had public impacts. One of these incidents (CSI) resulted in a public fatality. 

During the second and third Gulf Wars (1990-1991 and 2003), the main components of the terrestrial ecosystem especially soil were severely damaged by military operations. These operations have different impacts on the various parts of the terrestrial ecosystem depending on the timing, magnitude, and goals of military operations as well as the local physical conditions. The impacts of military operations are differentiated into onsite and offsite. The onsite impacts include terrain deformation and depletion of resources. The offsite impacts involve increase of the rates of sand transport and dust fallout. 

As a direct result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the terrestrial environment of Kuwait has been intensively disrupted by complex systems of ground fortifications. For example, the northeastern part of the country (about 16.4% of Kuwait) was dotted with about 164,153 ground fortifications of different types (about 60 fortifi-cations/km ). Some, 17 million m of loose soils were excavated from these fortifications. The establishment of these ground fortifications has both onsite and offsite impact. The onsite impact includes terrain deformation, destruction of vegetation cover, and wildlife deterioration. While the offsite impact inclndes active aeolian processes (sand and dust storms). 

Serious onsite injuries (Temporary disabling worker injuries), n Property damage 1 to 20 times base level. Moderate environmental impact (Cleanup or remediation in less than one week and no lasting impact on food chain, terrestrial life or aquatic life). Loss of production from 1 to 20 times base level. Minor offsite impact (Public nuisance - noise, smoke, odor, traffic). Potential adverse public reaction. 

Onsite fatality or less than 4 permanent disabling worker injuries. Property damage 50 to 200 times base level. Serious environmental impact (Cleanup or remediation requires three to six months and moderate impact on food chain, terrestrial life and/or aquatic life). Loss of production up from 50 to 200 times base level. Significant offsite impact property damage, short term health effects to the public or temporary disabling injuries. Significant public concern or reaction. 

The SRS CMP requires chemical hazards to be examined at every stage in the life cycle of the chemical. The first option is to eliminate the use of a hazardous chemical if possible. Where elimination is not practicable, the minimum amount required for the application is procured. Other areas to be examined include, but are not limited to, the potential impact on safety basis in selection of the warehousing facility, onsite transportation, designation of storage locations within operating facilities, handling and use, and... 

Operational Emergencies include the spectrum of significant emergency events or conditions that involve or affect facilities and activities by causing or having the potential to cause serious health and safety impacts onsite or offsite to woikers or the public, serious detrimental effects on the environment, direct harm to people or the environment as a result or degradation of security or safeguards conditions or release (or loss of control) of hazardous materials. 

Severity / Z Likelihood Societal fatal risk/Community evacuation/ Shelter in place (1) Risk of fatality onsite/Fire and explosion resulting > 25 K US damages [API RP 754], Release of materials higher than CCPS Tier 1 threshold quantities (2) Serious injury to employees/ Contractors, business reputation issues/ Serious environmental impact (3)... 

D No significant offeite impacts Minor contamination of facility Negligible onsite contamination Negligible off-site contamination No significant impacts Minor or no impact or disability... 

Keywords Environmental damage. Ground fortifications. Onsite and off site impacts. Terrestrial environment. 

Biological treatment would seldom be selected as the primary means of treating a CMP wastewater, but it is useful to consider the fate and potential impacts of alumina, ceria, and silica particles in a biological wastewater treatment process. At many fabs, waste-water is pretreated and discharged to a municipal wastewater treatment system where dilute industrial waste effluents are combined with municipal sewage flows and treated in a biological wastewater treatment process. Some fabs have an onsite biological wastewater treatment process, but they are believed to be in the minority. 

Onsite/offsite Potential for multiple life threatening injury or fatalities Environmental Uncontained release with potential for major environmental impact Property (including plant) Plant damage value in excess of say, 100M rmits of currency. 

Onsite Potential for injuries requires only first aid Offeite Noise or odor. Environmental Contained telease with local impact only Property (including plant) Plant damage value in the tange of say, 0.1—l.OM units of currency... 

Principles and Characteristics As already indicated in Chp. 1.2.3, Raman scattering induced by radiation (UV/VIS/NIR lasers) in gas, liquid or solid samples contains information about molecular vibrations. Raman specfioscopy (RS) was restricted for a long time primarily to academic research and was a technique rarely used outside the research laboratory. Within an industrial spectroscopy laboratory, two of the more significant advances in recent years have been the allying of FT-Raman and FTIR capabilities, coupled with the availability of multivariate data analysis software. Raman process control (in-line, on-line, in situ, onsite) is now taking off with various robust commercial instrumental systems equipped with stable laser sources, stable and sensitive CCD detectors, inexpensive fibre optics, etc. With easy interfacing with process streams and easy multiplexing with normal (remote) spectrometers the technique is expected to have impact on product and process quality. 

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