Reasons of state

Further examples show that the above quoted media statements are not just the opinion of some few media people, but rather that it is the honest conviction of most of the German elites. The former German Federal President R. von Weizsacker, for example, is quoted as having said that it is not NATO, but Auschwitz, that constitutes the [German] reasons of state n 5 This view was recently confirmed by the German Minister for Foreign Affairs, Josef Fischer 176... 

Conscription by impressment to the military forces, administered by the London Militia Committee and by deputy lieutenants and committees in the counties, targeted the poor. Exempt were men (and sons of men) rated at in goods or, 3 in lands, clergymen, scholars, students at law or at the universities, esquires sons, MPs and peers and tax officials. Mariners, watermen and fishermen were exempt for reasons of state economy. 

A stationary ensemble density distribution is constrained to be a functional of the constants of motion (globally conserved quantities). In particular, a simple choice is pip, q) = p (W (p, q)), where p (W) is some fiinctional (fiinction of a fiinction) of W. Any such fiinctional has a vanishing Poisson bracket (or a connnutator) with Wand is thus a stationary distribution. Its dependence on (p, q) through Hip, q) = E is expected to be reasonably smooth. Quanttun mechanically, p (W) is die density operator which has some fiinctional dependence on the Hamiltonian Wdepending on the ensemble. It is also nonnalized Trp = 1. The density matrix is the matrix representation of the density operator in some chosen representation of a complete orthononnal set of states. If the complete orthononnal set of eigenstates of die Hamiltonian is known ... 

Although the previous paragraphs hint at the serious failure of the van der Waals equation to fit the shape of the coexistence curve or the heat capacity, failures to be discussed explicitly in later sections, it is important to recognize that many of tlie other predictions of analytic theories are reasonably accurate. For example, analytic equations of state, even ones as approximate as that of van der Waals, yield reasonable values (or at least ball park estmiates ) of the critical constants p, T, and V. Moreover, in two-component systems... 

Since Grignard reagents can easily be obtained from aryl halides, they are of special value in the s nthesis of many aromatic compounds, particularly as, for reasons already stated (pp. 270, 276), aromatic compounds cannot generally be prepared by means of ethyl acetoacetate and ethyl malonate. 

Each of these tools has advantages and limitations. Ab initio methods involve intensive computation and therefore tend to be limited, for practical reasons of computer time, to smaller atoms, molecules, radicals, and ions. Their CPU time needs usually vary with basis set size (M) as at least M correlated methods require time proportional to at least M because they involve transformation of the atomic-orbital-based two-electron integrals to the molecular orbital basis. As computers continue to advance in power and memory size, and as theoretical methods and algorithms continue to improve, ab initio techniques will be applied to larger and more complex species. When dealing with systems in which qualitatively new electronic environments and/or new bonding types arise, or excited electronic states that are unusual, ab initio methods are essential. Semi-empirical or empirical methods would be of little use on systems whose electronic properties have not been included in the data base used to construct the parameters of such models. 

The golden rule is a reasonable prediction of state-crossing transition rates when those rates are slow. Crossings with fast rates are predicted poorly due to the breakdown of the perturbation theory assumption of a small interaction. 

At the outset, we were faced with the difficult decision whether to use the Angstrom unit or the nanometre for the dimensions of molecules. After careful consideration, we have come down firmly in favour of the Angstrom and we believe that this decision will meet with the approval of the majority of our readers. When quoting graphs and tables of data from the literature, we have retained the original units (kcal, Torr, C, tonin, etc.) in the belief that it is more reasonable to state the data in the form used by the original author—except where comparisons are being made between results presented in different units. 

The solvents used for liquid chromatography are the commoner ones such as water, acetonitrile, and methanol. For the reasons just stated, it is not possible to put them straight into the ion source without problems arising. On the other hand, the very viscous solvents that qualify as matrix material are of no use in liquid chromatography. Before the low-boiling-point eluant from the LC column is introduced into the ion source, it must be admixed with a high-boiling-point matrix... 

Milk and Milk Replacers. White pan bread was long made with about 3—4% nonfat dry milk (NEDM) in the United States, for reasons of enhanced nutrition, increased dough absorption, improved cmst color, fermentation buffering, and better flavor. Eor some years, however, sharply increased milk prices have led to a decline in its use in breadmaking. Many bakers have turned to the use of milk replacers to control the costs of their products, and these ingredients are now commonly utilized. Milk replacers were designed to dupHcate some of the functions and nutrition of milk. These blends may contain soy flour or cereals, with whey, buttermilk soHds, sodium or calcium caseinate, or NEDM. Milk replacers or NEDM used in bread dough amount to about 1—2%, based on flour. 

The correlations for Ot(Tn CO,) that follow Eq. (4-230) are designed to provide values of Oj that yield pure-species vapor pressures which, on average, are in reasonable agreement with experiment. However, reliable correlations for as a function of temperature are available for many pure species. Thus when E known for a particular temperature, Oj should be evaluated so that the equation of state correctly predicts this known value. The procedure is to write Eq. (4-313) for each of the phases, combining me two equations in accord with Eq. (4-280), written... 

Outlined below are the steps required for of a X T.E calciilation of vapor-phase composition and pressure, given the liquid-phase composition and temperature. A choice must be made of an equation of state. Only the Soave/Redlich/Kwong and Peng/Robinson equations, as represented by Eqs. (4-230) and (4-231), are considered here. These two equations usually give comparable results. A choice must also be made of a two-parameter correlating expression to represent the liquid-phase composition dependence of for each pq binaiy. The Wilson, NRTL (with a fixed), and UNIQUAC equations are of general applicabihty for binary systems, the Margules and van Laar equations may also be used. The equation selected depends on evidence of its suitability to the particular system treated. Reasonable estimates of the parameters in the equation must also be known at the temperature of interest. These parameters are directly related to infinite-dilution values of the activity coefficients for each pq binaiy. 

Oxidation catalysts are either metals that chemisorb oxygen readily, such as platinum or silver, or transition metal oxides that are able to give and take oxygen by reason of their having several possible oxidation states. Ethylene oxide is formed with silver, ammonia is oxidized with platinum, and silver or copper in the form of metal screens catalyze the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Cobalt catalysis is used in the following oxidations butane to acetic acid and to butyl-hydroperoxide, cyclohexane to cyclohexylperoxide, acetaldehyde to acetic acid and toluene to benzoic acid. PdCh-CuCb is used for many liquid-phase oxidations and V9O5 combinations for many vapor-phase oxidations. 

The available isentropic head is usually calculated by computer, using any of the various equations of state. In the absence of such facihty, a quick and reasonably reliable calculation follows. In fact, this calculation is valuable as a cross-check on other methods because it is likely to be accurate within a few percent. 

It has been a persistent characteristic of shock-compression science that the first-order picture of the processes yields readily to solution whereas second-order descriptions fail to confirm material models. For example, the high-pressure, pressure-volume relations and equation-of-state data yield pressure values close to that expected at a given volume compression. Mechanical yielding behavior is observed to follow behaviors that can be modeled on concepts developed to describe solids under less severe loadings. Phase transformations are observed to occur at pressures reasonably close to those obtained in static compression. 

Fig. 10(b)). One of the reasons for the differences between both theories is a different form of a hard sphere part of the free energy functional. Segura et al. have used the expression resulting from the Carnahan-Starhng equation of state, whereas the Meister-Kroll-Groot approach requires the application of the PY compressibility equation of state, which produces higher oscillations. 

Reid (1976) and many other authors give pure propane a superheat temperature limit of 53 C at atmospheric pressure. The superheat temperature limit calculated from the Van der Waals equation is 38°C, whereas the value calculated from the Redlich-Kwong equation is S8°C. These values indicate that, though an exact equation among P, V, and 7 in the superheat liquid region is not known, the Redlich-Kwong equation of state is a reasonable alternative. 

The Hammond postulate is a valuable criterion of mechanism, because it allows a reasonable transition state structure to be drawn on the basis of knowledge of the reactants and products and of energy differences between the states (i.e., AG and AG°). Throughout this chapter we have located transition states in accordance with the Hammond postulate. 

Electric utilities have historically been franchise monopolies, vertically integi ated from power production through transmission, distribution, and customer service with no competition from other electric utilities. However, in many parts of the countiy, electric and gas utilities do compete. Rates charged by these utilities were determined in a regulatoiy proceeding Electric utilities proposed rates that compensated them for their expenses and allowed them to earn a reasonable return state regulatoiy commissions reviewed and approved the proposals. 

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