Approaches for production

Polymer/additive analysis is a typical industrial analytical problem, and indeed not one of the easiest or least important ones. Requirements set to industrial analytical expertise vary from new analytical approaches for product innovation, to service-oriented problem solving (combination of analytical expertise and specific product knowledge), and cost-efficient analysis of a few grades (plant service) (Scheme 10.1). Reported prospects set the instrumental trends in the polymer industry (Table 10.17). For traditional quality laboratories this translates into ... 

Suerie, C. (2005) Time Continuity in Discrete Time Models. New Approaches for Production Planning in Process Industries, Springer, Berlin. 

As summarised here for the chemo-enzymatic approach of (—)-allo-yohimbane, synthon was once again the key lactone 1 (derived enzymatically from the above-mentioned meso-diacetate). Through condensation with tryptamine, a lactam was obtained which was then sequentially converted into (—)-allo-yohimban, indicating the high potential of this chemo-enzymatic approach for production of optically pure alkaloids of the terpenoid indoles. 

Taking advantage of the ready availability of racemic ibuprofen, the resolution approach for production of (S)-(+)-ibuprofen becomes an attractive alternative. Merck s resolution process involves the formation of a diastereomeric salt of ibuprofen with (S)-lysine, an inexpensive and readily available natural amino acid.45 The racemic ibuprofen is mixed with 1.0 equivalent of (5)-lysine in aqueous ethanol. The slurry is agitated to allow full dissolution. The supernatant, which is a supersaturated solution of ibuprofen-lysine salt, is separated from the solid and seeded with (.S )-ibuprofcn-(.S )-lysine to induce crystallization. The precipitated solid is collected by filtration, and the mother liquor is recycled to the slurry of racemic ibuprofen and (S)-lysine. This process is continued until essentially all (S)-ibuprofen in the original slurry is recovered, resulting in the... 

This article describes the chemical hydride slurry approach for production and storage of hydrogen and the major components required of the chemical hydride slurry cycle. We have included a discussion of the preliminary economic evaluation and an overview of the work performed for mobile applications of the technology. 

Sung, C., Maravelias, C.T., 2007. An attainable region approach for production planning of multiproduct processes. AICHE J. 53, 1298-1315. 

The SEP provides a focused approach for product development that attempts to balance all factors associated with product life cycle viability and competitiveness in a global marketplace. This process provides a structured approach for considering alternative design and configurations. Figure A. 1 provides a view of the SEP and its role within enterprise and external environments to establish a system design associated with a product offering. 

The concept of systems engineering embodied in this document provides an approach for product development in a system context. It is not meant to describe what an organizational entity called systems engineering does or a job position for which a systems engineer is responsible. Rather, it encompasses what all organizational entities and all enterprise personnel must accomplish to produce a quality, competitive product that will be marketable, will provide an acceptable return on investment to the enterprise, will achieve customer satisfaction, and will meet public expectations. 

P. Fischer et al. have reported a new approach for production of hybrid nanocolloids with programmed three-dimensional shape and material composition (Fig. 23). ° The fabrication process involves a combination of low-temperature shadow deposition with nanoscale patterning and enables the production of nanocolloids with anisotropic three-dimensional shapes, feature sizes down to 20 nm and a wide choice of materials. As one example of the structures the researchers have fabricated hundreds of billions of plasmonic Au or Ag Cu nanohelices, which have demonstrated circular dichroism and tuneable chiroptical properties. 

A formal kinetic approach for product formation in transient conditions... 

Continuous efforts are being made to improve the manufacturing process. Wright Laboratory s Materials Directorate sponsored work by Aerotherm Corp., Kaiser Aerotech and Lockheed Missile Space Co. to investigate an alternative approach for products with improved stiffness, but which would be cheaper. The approach used a pitch matrix and provided added axial stiffness to 345 GPa with reduced production time from months to hours. 

Presley, A.R., Sarkis, J. and D.H. Liles, A Soft Systems Methodology Approach for Product and Process Innovation , IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 47, 379-392, 2000. 

An innovative membrane reformer approach for production and use within a PEF fuel cell fed with natural gas has been recently published by Campanari et al. (2008). These authors analysed a PEM system developed for a micro-cogeneration in these three different systems ... 

Matsokis A, Kiritsis D (2010) An ontology-based approach for product lifecycle management. Comput Ind 61 787-797... 

Ostrosi E, Fougeres AJ, Femey M, Klein D (2012) A fuzzy configuration multi-agent approach for product family modelling in conceptual design. J Intell Manuf 23(6) 2565-2586... 

Watanabe I, Serizawa N (1998) Molecular approaches for production of pravastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor transcriptional regulation of the cytochrome p450sca gene from Streptomyces carbophilus by ML-236B sodium salt and phenobarbi-tal. Gene 210 109-116... 

Industry and Business Sectors. The major products of the biofuel industry are ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas therefore, research in industry has concentrated mainly on these biofuels. Some small businesses in the biofuel industry include startup research and development companies that study feedstocks (such as cellulose) and approaches for production of biofuels at competitive prices. These companies, many of which are funded by investment firms or government agencies, analyze biofuel feedstocks, looking for new feedstocks or modifying existing ones (corn, sugarcane, or rapeseed). 

Surprisingly, for a long time the principles of the process approach for product development have not been strongly developed in Asia. ISO 12207 is the foundation of process assessment models (PAM) based on CMM or SPICE. The practice of... 

The publication of lEC 61508 introduced a lifecycle approach for safety systems. Additionally, it formulated a process approach for product development and the relations to quality management systems were formulated. 

Park, Y.B. 2005. An integrated approach for production and distribution planning in supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 43, 1205-1224. 

A product technology platform approach for products like in the automotive industry or the concept of process technologies and silicon IP in the semiconductor industry introduce a modularization concept. Such a modularized concept for products and the production process enforces the reusability of manufacturing knowledge between product generations. 

F. Gong, T. Ye, T. kan, Y. Torimoto, M. Yamamoto, Q. Li, 2009, Direct Reduction Of Iron Oxides Based On Steam Reforming Of Bio-Oil A Highly Efficient Approach For Production Of DRI From Bio-oil And Iron Ores, Green Chem., 11,2001-2012. 

A rapid conversion of benzyl alcohols into N-benzyl-substituted amides can be achieved under microwave irradiation using benzonitriles in the presence of catalytic amount of Envirocatalyst EPZG in solvent-free conditions. EPZG is a novel supported reagent catalyst based on montmorillonite KlOclay. It is selective, eco-friendly, reusable and hence provides cost effective and safe approach for production in industries. 

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