Laboratory’ glassware

For heating baths, see Table 4. For distillation apparatus on a micro or semi-micro scale see Aldrich and other glassware catalogues. Alternatively, some useful websites for suppliers of laboratory glassware are www.wheatonsci.com,www.sigmaaldrich.com and www.kimble-kontes.com. 

Pressure rupture of even a small pieee of equipment may result in a serious explosion generating missiles travelling at high veloeity. This is an important eonsideration when using laboratory glassware or industrial glass equipment and pipework. 

Chemical reaction hazards must be considered in assessing whether a process can be operated safely on the manufacturing scale. Furthermore, the effect of scale-up is particularly important. A reaction, which is innocuous on the laboratory or pilot plant scale, can be disastrous in a full-scale manufacturing plant. For example, the heat release from a highly exothermic process, such as the reduction of an aromatic nitro compound, can be easily controlled in laboratory glassware. Flowever,... 

A reaction was believed to be thermally neutral, as no rise in temperature was observed in the laboratory. No cooling was provided on the pilot plant, and the first batch developed a runaway. Fortunately the relief valve was able to handle it. Subsequent research showed that the reaction developed 2 watts/kg/°C. Laboratory glassware has a heat loss of 3-6 watts/kg/°C, so no rise in temperature occurred. On the 2.5-m3 pilot plant reactor, the heat loss w as only 0.5 watt/kg/°C [21]. Reference 22 lists heat losses and cooling rates for vessels of various sizes. 

Standard tests are the American and the German . Several other continental standards are essentially based on the German. The present British standard relates only to laboratory glassware. The German and American standards differ in a number of details and to try to establish an international uniformity the ISO have issued recommended procedures ". A new British standard in preparation will be based on these procedures. 

The effects of corrosion on other properties need similar direct assessment in many cases. However, in the absence of accepted standard tests the BS, DIN, ISO tests for laboratory glassware are often used. At the present time, the British Standard BS 3473 Methods of testing and classification of the chemical resistance of glass used in the production of laboratory glassware is being re-issued in six parts, of which the first five parts are identical to recently revised ISO test procedures. There are also corresponding DIN tests in some cases which are very similar. The current situation is ... 

Method of Testing Chemical Resistance of Glass Used in the Production of Laboratory Glassware, BS 3473 1962... 

Many commercially available detergents are suitable for this purpose, and some manufacturers market special formulations for cleaning laboratory glassware some of these, e.g. Decon 90 made by Decon Laboratories of Portslade, are claimed to be specially effective in removing contamination due to radioactive materials. 

Normal laboratory glassware must first be washed and cleaned. It has to be rinsed with deionised water. The clean glassware is sterilised in an oven set at 200 °C for 1 1 hours. It is suitable to cover glassware with aluminum foil to maintain aseptic conditions after removing the glassware from the oven. If aluminum foil is not available, special heat-resistant wrap paper can be used. The sterile glassware must be protected from the air, which has micro-flora, or any contaminants. Avoid the use of any plastic caps and papers. Detach any labelling tape or other flammable materials, as they are fire hazards. 

Mixing times in mechanically agitated vessels typically range from a few seconds in laboratory glassware to a few minutes in large industrial reactors. The classic correlation by Norwood and Metzner for turbine impellers in baffled vessels can be used for order of magnitude estimates of... 

The hrst step is to obtain a good kinetic model for the reaction. To this end, the following batch experiments were conducted in laboratory glassware ... 

Precautions. Prepared materials were treated with techniques used for radioactive or infectious material. The work was performed in an isolated laboratory. Glassware and tools were segregated. The hood was... 

Cleaning Laboratory glassware jewellery computer components large, delicate... 

Some common laboratory glassware for measuring volume. 

Qmntitatlvz detznmivuition oi HzmogtobZn Ai by micAjochAo-matogAaphy - By means of this simple method (29, 30), Hb-A2 may be rapidly and accurately determined In blood samples from subjects with and without Hb-S or Hb-D The procedure makes use of DEAE-Cellulose, Inexpensive laboratory glassware, and allows one technician to determine the level of Hb-A2 In 50 samples a day Whole blood samples, red cell hemolysates, and blood... 

OS 88] [R 27] [P 68] A maximum yield of 80-85% was obtained at 4 s residence time and a temperature of 50 °C by micro reaction system processing [61, 62,127, 142,143]. Using ordinary laboratory-processing with standard laboratory glassware yielded only 25%. The continuous industrial process had a yield of 80-85% the previously employed semi-batch industrial process gave a 70% yield. The temperature and the residence time of industrial and micro reactor continuous processing were identical. 

Laboratory glassware made from this glass is available. It is a borosilicate glass manufactured by Wood Bros. Glass Co. The linear expansion coefficient (0-400°Q is 3-2 x 10 . 

Laboratory glassware containing diethyl ether residues was cleaned with a sulpho-nitric mixture and caused detonation of the container. 

Which of these pieces of laboratory glassware should NEVER be heated with a Bunsen burner ... 

HPLC column, Merck, LiChrospher 60 RP Select B, 5 itm, 150 x 4-mm i.d. Autosampler vials, 1.8-mL Assorted laboratory glassware Autopipettes, calibrated... 

For reactions at atmospheric pressure, standard laboratory glassware such as round-bottomed flasks or simple beakers from 0.25 to 2 L can be used. A protective mount in the ceiling of the cavity enables the connection of reflux condensers or distillation equipment. An additional mount in the sidewall allows for sample withdrawal, flushing with gas to create inert atmospheres, or live monitoring of the reaction with a video camera. Most of the published results in controlled MAOS have been obtained from reactions in sealed vessels, and thus in the following mostly accessories for sealed-vessel reaction conditions are described. 

For reactions at atmospheric pressure, standard laboratory glassware such as round-bottomed flasks from 0.5 to 3 L can be used. A protective mount in the ceil-... 

One major benefit of performing microwave-assisted reactions at atmospheric pressure is the possibility of using standard laboratory glassware (round-bottomed flasks, reflux condensers) in the microwave cavity to carry out syntheses on a larger scale. In contrast, pressurized reactions require special vessels and scale-up to more... 

Rather than perform this analysis in laboratory glassware in a fume cupboard, special pieces of apparatus that hold the flasks and allow several Kjeldahl titrations to be carried out in parallel are employed. 

Day, K. and N.K. Kaushik. 1987b. The adsorption of fenvalerate to laboratory glassware and the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii, and its effect on uptake of the pesticide by Daphnia galeata mendotae. Aquat. Toxicol. 10 131-142. 

HD on laboratory glassware may be oxidized by its vigorous reaction with concentrated nitric acid. 

Note Surfaces contaminated with T, then rinse-decontaminated may evolve sufficient T vapor to produce a physiological response. T on laboratory glassware may be oxidized by it vigorous reaction with concentrated nitric acid. 

The lysergic acid to lysergic acid amide reaction has been designed to utilize minimal quantities of solvents in order to squeeze as much material as possible into ordinary laboratory glassware. 

The Zymark robotic laboratory automation system Although detail procedures differ in each laboratory, the basic elements of binding and enzyme assays are similar. The generalized procedure shown in Table 1.10 highlights the common steps and indicates which Zymate laboratory systems are required. These procedures are performed using common laboratory glassware such as test tubes or in multiple tube devices such as microtitre plates. 

Environmental water samples to be analyzed for phosphate are not stored in plastic bottles unless kept frozen, because phosphates can be absorbed onto the walls of plastic bottles. Mercuric chloride, used as a preservative and acid (such as the nitric acid suggested for metals above), should not be used unless total phosphorus is determined. All containers used for water samples to be used for phosphate analysis should be acid rinsed, and commercial detergents containing phosphates should not be used to clean sample containers or laboratory glassware. 

---