Measurement qualitative

Protodemercuration was first studied kinetically by Kharasch et al.604, who measured, qualitatively, the rates of cleavage of diarylmercury compounds by acids, viz. 

In CPAA, the incident charged particle induces nuclear reactions which produce radionuclides, and the characteristic decay radiation of the latter is measured. Qualitative analysis of the radionuclide is achieved by measuring its energy and/or... 

Even if quantitative results are more often expected for wastewater quality measurement, qualitative information is of great interest, as is the case for other applications of the analytical sciences (in the health sector, the use of test kits and biodiagnostic systems leads to quick and useful information, often far from a classical analytical result). In fact, quantitative analysis gives the concentration not only of one substance, but also of a group of comparable substances (surfactants, PAH,...), and even the value of a specific (TOC, TKN,...) or aggregate (BOD, COD, toxicity,...) parameter. In this context, total indices are often proposed as parameters complementary to classical analytical results [1]. 

During the last several years, a number of new instrumental surface techniques have been developed that are quite effective in detecting changes in the surfaces of minerals that have undergone chemically induced or natural geologic alteration. These techniques are quite sensitive (approximately 0.1-0.5% atomic concentration for x-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy, for example), and they make it possible to monitor very small amounts of elements that may be present in the near surface material. Any change in the surface with respect to chemical composition may readily be measured qualitatively... 

Quantitative and qualitative analysis The marker should be amenable to simple quantitative plasma or urine analysis to obtain accurate measurements. Qualitative analysis should also be feasible, especially in clinical situations where instantaneous changes in clearance profile of the marker are measured. 

At the time of the incident work site measurements qualitatively identified sulfur tetrafluoride in the air samples. It was suggested that intense heat caused sulfur hexafluoride to decompose to sulfur tetrafluoride, which escaped as a pipe was opened at the work site. Subsequent to this incident, it has been noted that because sulfur hexafluoride is an odorless gas, any odors present in areas containing heated sulfur hexafluoride must be considered to be coming from decomposition products, which are significant health hazards. 

D.5.5. Solubility of Organic Molecules. The miscibility of ionic liquids with organic solvents was measured qualitatively by mixing equal volumes of the two (23). Table III provides a guide (which is only rough) to the selection of a solvent. 

Is the purpose of the study to detect or to measure (qualitative vs. quantitative analysis) ... 

Analytic surface charge of clay plates known accurately from the chemical formula of the clay surface charge in situ measured qualitatively by neutron diffuse scattering (see Chapter 8)... 

A tumor marker is a substance produced by a tumor or by the host in response to a tumor that is used to differentiate a tumor from normal tissue or to determine the presence of a tumor based on measurements in the blood or secretions. Such substances are found in cells, tissue, or body fluids and are measured qualitatively or quantitatively by chemical, immunological, or molecular biological methods. 

Tltis example for mass-spectrometrically followed solution-phase reactivity clearly shows, how much information can be derived from some simple measurements. Qualitatively, it can be deduced which mechanisms contribute, which don t. Quantitatively, at least a ranking of the relative rates for the different processes is obtained. Finally, this example makes clear how large the infiuence of the solvent may be. Tlte change of the mixture from pure THF to THF methanol mixtures is not too drastical, but still, significant changes in reaction mechanism and rates are found. 

Empirical evaluation methods involve actual or designated users. The methods can be relatively informal, such as observing people while they explore a prototype, or they can be quite formal and systematic, such as a tightly controlled laboratory study of performance times and errors or a comprehensive survey of many users [941, 943]. Independent of this differentiation, in general, qualitative and quantitative methods of both data collection and data analysis can be distinguished. While quantitative research focuses on how to operationalize or quantify the attributes to be measured, qualitative research interprets verbal or non-numerical data [563]. 

In most experiments, scientists collect quantitative data, which are data that can be measured with instruments. Quantitative data involves numbers and measurements against a standard. Those measurements may be taken at specified time intervals. They also collect qualitative data, descriptive information from observations other than measurements. Qualitative data includes any observations made with the senses of hearing or seeing such as a popping sound or a color change. 

The relative reactivity is measured qualitatively. At RT the rate of hydrozirconation of various alkenes is 1-octene > cis-4-octene > trans-4-octene > methylenecyclo-hexane > cyclopentene > cyclohexene > 3-methyl-2-butene. In competitive studies, a terminal alkene reacts 70 times faster that a disubstituted alkene. These relative rates are attributed to steric effects. Double bonds y to zirconium are less reactive than dienes since ( -Cp)2Zr(CH2CH2CH=CH2)Cl can be isolated from the reaction of ((j -Cp)2ZrHCl and butadiene . 

Influence of relativistic effects on the volatility of the heaviest element compounds can not be established in a straightforward way by these measurements. Qualitatively, one can probably state the following. The p and a, as well as the molecular size, are decreased by relativistic effects. The IP and covalence, in turn, are relativistically increased. Since all these quantities contribute to the molecule-surface interaction energy, volatility should, therefore, increase as a result of relativity. Quantitatively, such effects could, however, be obtained only by comparing experimental behaviour with that predicted on the basis of relativistic versus nonrelativistic calculations. 

Results-oriented It provides outcomes, measured qualitatively and/or quantitatively. 

Figure 11.3a and b shows, respectively, the XRD spectra of a supported NaA zeolite membrane and of the resulting powder after filtering and drying the liquid phase. SEM observations allow the evaluation of membrane thicknesses, shape, orientation and size of the crystals, homogeneity and uniformity of the zeolite layer, and a morphological analysis on the existence of intercrystalline defects. SEM-energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) can be used to measure qualitatively and quantitatively the atomic composition of... 

Stress cracking resistance was measured qualitatively on both films and molded pieces of identical thickness under equal stress using carbon tetrachloride, acetone and xylene. With carbon tetrachloride as solvent, the bisphenol A and TCBA homopolymers euid the TCBA copolymers all cracked Immediately the mixed TCBF and 70% TCBF copolymers, however, showed a definite resistance to stress cracking under these conditions. The 30% TCBF copolymer film did stress crack, but significantly less easily. Molded pieces of both the 30 and 70%... 

In texture analysis, softness and firmness express fhe same concept inversely, although they are not simple reciprocals. Softness is defined as the deformation occurring at constant load and is normally what is measured qualitatively by a consumer to gauge freshness of bread. Firmness is the force required to provide a constant deformation it is the measurement usually made to assess the progress of crumb firming of bread using an insfrument such as the Baker compressimeter or the... 

Select the proper instrument for the perceived threat. This will usually be a PID for the broad spectrum of agent detection (Figure S5.1). You must be familiar with the abilities of the instrument and what agents the instrument will measure (qualitative and/or quantitative). Many of these instruments are heat and moisture sensitive and so they should be stored in a dry environment at room temperature. 

Utilization of measures. Qualitative results in the discourses detected an improvement with respect to compliance with OSH legal demands, need of information and cooperation between different governmental inspectorates. 

In this test, a metal sample is rotated in the solution. A rotating cylinder is used to simphfy fluid dynamics equations so that corrosion rate can be correlated with shear stress or mass transfer, which in turn can be related to velocity effects in piping and equipment. The same electn> chemical techniques used on static samples are applicable to the rotating cylinder electrode. By coupling the samples to electrochemical measirring equipment, one can measure qualitatively the effects of stepped velocity changes in one experiment. 

PCA is an unsupervised technique whose main idea is to explore data analysis and to reduce dimensionality with a minimum loss of information. This is achieved by projecting the data onto fewer dimensions that are chosen to exploit the relationships between the variables. It also measures qualitative associations between variables. To analyze the results, a line of best fit through a system of points in space is obtained. This technique allows the similarities and differences between objects and samples to be better assessed [30]. 

Atomic Absorption n An analytic method of measuring qualitatively/quantitatively elements that is based on absorption of specific wave-lengths of radiation. 

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