Endurance testing

Until a few years ago, there was no widely accepted standard for a voltage endurance test of the rotating machines. Different agencies had adopted different practices on different assumptions, pending a final decision by the lEC working committee TC-2 of lEC 60034-15. The committee submitted its report in 1988 and the following test data, which are now universally adopted, are based on this report. 

Shunt capacitors for a.c. power system rated voltage above 1000 V (non-self-healing type) Endurance testing 13925-2/1994 BS 7264-2/1990... 

The final authority on the durability of catalysts is performance in road vehicles. Such data have been rapidly accumulated by the various automobile manufacturers in recent months. This data takes into consideration all the accidents of everyday usage, serving to test how much abuse the catalyst can withstand and still perform its duty. Experience has shown that fresh oxidation and reduction catalysts by a large variety of formulations from many manufacturers would indeed perform their duty. Many oxidation catalysts perform well enough at 25,000 accumulated miles to satisfy the requirement of 0.41 g hydrocarbon/mile and 3.4 g CO/mile, but few would perform well enough at 50,000 miles without maintenance and adjustment of the engine. Many such vehicle endurance tests have to be terminated because of malfunction of the engine or the auxiliary equipment. 

It was concluded that any candidate component can be produced using PM forging techniques at a cost at least 50 per cent lower compared with conventional forging processes. The accelerators were endurance-tested and exceeded all requirements in the standard room-temperature tests. The accelerators also withstood the test firing of more than 10,000 rounds at minus 65 degrees Fahrenheit with no failures being experienced... 

The versatility and accuracy of the oxygen consumption method in heat release measurement was demonstrated. The critical measurements include flow rates and species concentrations. Some assumptions need to be invoked about (a) heat release per unit oxygen consumed and (b) chemical expansion factor, when flow rate into the system is not known. Errors in these assumptions are acceptable. As shown, the oxygen consumption method can be applied successfully in a fire endurance test to obtain heat release rates. Heat release rates can be useful for evaluating the performance of assemblies and can provide measures of heat contribution by the assemblies. The implementation of the heat release rate measurement in fire endurance testing depends on the design of the furnace. If the furnace has a stack or duct system in which gas flow and species concentrations can be measured, the calorimetry method is feasible. The information obtained can be useful in understanding the fire environment in which assemblies are tested. 

Commercial MgO was impregnated with Ni acetate in toluene solution. Addition of 1-3 wt% K suppresses the Ni sintering and extends the catalyst stability. Catalysts were evaluated for 500 h endurance test. Process reported to be suitable for producing H2 for MCFC... 

Encouraging laboratory experiments since 1994 with oxygen-depolarised cathodes (ODC) in chlor-alkali as well as hydrochloric acid electrolysis motivated the development of this technique up to the industrial scale. Based on the predictions of the theory, the reduction of cell voltage could be expected up to 1 V (Fig. 4.1) for both applications. Early on, the proper choice and improvement of ODC, deriving mainly from the DeNora group, led to results with voltages as predicted in short tests as well as in endurance tests conducted over dozens of months at the Bayer endurance test facilities. 

Fig. 4.4 Test results for the second pilot electrolyser (a) development of cell voltage with increasing current density (b) the first endurance test.

Constant strain for stress relaxation tests and constant load creep tests may be conducted in simple devices. Temperature control is critical since the results are usually applied as a spectral representation for structural analysis or research purposes. Figure 8 illustrates a multistation creep tester with automated data recorders. Strain and load endurance tests are conducted in similar devices, but the conditions existing at failure and time to failure are normally the only data required. The endurance tests are used frequently to supplement the constant displacement rate tests for routine evaluation. 

If you were preparing to run a marathon, you would be thinking about how to take care of your body. You would want to eat well, get enough rest, and condition your body for its endurance test. Taking the GRE is much like running a marathon. You will need to perform at your mental maximum for three hours on test day. Your body and your mind both need to be ready. Here are the basics of caring for your marathon machine ... 

Figure 24. Mechanical decay of MEAs after endurance test at 1000 mA/cm2 the trend of reduction of membrane ductility is shown on the left figure and the stress-strain behavior of the sample tested for 820 h and the control is shown on the right figure the total fluorine (F) loss over 820 h accounts for 2-3% of total amount of F in the membrane.

The mechanical properties have not been reported conclusively. Most of the available data provided was based on fold endurance testing. Although it is an important property that should be determined, studies of tensile, tear and burst strengths are important as well. 

Figure 4. Results of endurance tests at 80Cf C in a feed of CH4O5 mIVmin)+C02(15)+ He(70). Inlet CH4 and OO2 are normalized to be 100 in a vertical axis. Results of Ni/MgO [Excess OO2I were obtained in a stream of CH4O5 mL/min)+CO2(20)+ He(65).

Nickel particle size and supporting material size after the endurance tests in the stream of CH4(15mL/min)+CO2(15)+He(70). 

The moisture content of the paper has a strong effect on the folding endurance test. The swelling and shrinkage which accompany adsorption and desorption of water vapor cause shifting and rearrangement of... 

Folding Endurance Tests. Measurements were performed on a Tinius-Olsen model no. 2 instrument (also known as a folding endurance tester (MIT)) according to ASTM method D-2176-63T on samples cut in the same machine direction. 

The absence of correspondence between the results of folding endurance tests and tensile properties demonstrates the need for both measurements in the evaluation of adhesives. 

The paper formulations studied in this work were characterized by a series of oven aging-folding endurance tests. The test results and samples of the formulations were received from Williams (14). The identities of the sheets and their corresponding folding endurance test results are given in Table I. 

The above results agree with those of the folding endurance test carried out at 100°C—i.e., the Allied paper is most stable, the Foldur Kraft least stable, and the JCPA-60 is intermediate. 

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