A Ointment

Add step 1 to step 2 at room temperature until the solution is homogeneous. 

Sift in 4 g hydroxypropyl cellulose slowly over approximately 15 minutes while blending to avoid clumping. 

While stirring, add 5.0 g extract of the aloe vera plant and 0.1 g Lactil. 

---

Various ocular delivery systems, such a ointments, suspensions, micro- and nanocarriers, and liposomes, have been investigated during the past two decades pursuing two main strategies to increase the corneal permeability and to prolong the contact time on the ocular surface [3],... 

A clinical field trial and a controlled study were carried out in France, Germany and the United Kingdom between 1992 and 1993 with the help of Schering Plough, USA in order to assess the efficacy of Cyclosporine A ointment in the treatment of Kerato-conjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and a breed specific ocular disease, Keratitis Uberreiter in the German Shepherd Dog. 

The main criteria of efficacy, (STT, amount of conjunctival discharge, conjunctival hyperaemia/hypertrophy and corneal surface and corneal vascularisation) prove 0.2% Cyclosporine A ointment to be the recommended dose. 

Petroleum wax is used in the manufacture of candles, polishes, ointments and for waterproofing purposes. Waxes are also used as a cracking feedstock for the production of 1-alkene.s for conversion to detergents. 

Bromine on the skin. Wash the aflected part immediately with a liberal supply of light petroleum, b.p. 80-100°, and then rub glycerine well into the skin. After a little time remove the superficial glycerine and apply acriflavine jelly or butesin picrate ointment. 

After heating to 50 °C in a water bath, the sample was cooled to below room temperature and filtered. The residue was washed with two 5-mL portions of CCI4, and the combined filtrates were collected in a 25-mL volumetric flask. After adding 2.00 mL of the internal standard solution, the contents of the flask were diluted to volume with CCI4. Analysis of an approximately 2- tL sample gave LfD signals of f3.5 for the terpene hydrate and 24.9 for the camphor. Report the %w/w camphor in the analgesic ointment. 

Compressed gas systems were originally developed simply to provide a means of expelling a product from its container when the valve was depressed. SemisoHd products such as a cream, ointment, or caulking compound are dispensed as such. A Hquid concentrate and a compressed gas propellant (Fig. 3) produce a spray when a mechanical breakup actuator is used. Nitrogen, insoluble in most materials, is generally used as the propellant. 

The esters of monofluorophosphoric acid are of great interest because of their cholinesterase inhibiting activity which causes them to be highly toxic nerve gases and also gives them medical activity (see Enzyme inhibitors). The most studied is the bis(l-methylethyl)ester of phosphorofluoridic acid also known as diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate [155-91 DFP (5), and as the ophthalmic ointment or solution Isoflurophate USP. It is used as a... 

Yellow mercuric oxide may be obtained by precipitation from solutions of practically any water-soluble mercuric salt through the addition of alkah. The most economical are mercuric chloride or nitrate. Although yellow HgO has some medicinal value in ointments and other such preparations, the primary use is as a raw material for other mercury compounds, eg, Millon s ha.se[12529-66-7], Hg2NOH, which is formed by the reaction of aqueous ammonia and yellow mercuric oxide. 

Galen, a physician whose views outUved him by about a thousand years, died about 200 AD. He beUeved that mercurials were toxic, and did not use any mercury compound therapeutically. However, as a result of Arabian influence, the therapeutic uses of mercury were slowly recognized by Western Europe. In the thirteenth century mercury ointments were prescribed for treating chronic diseases of the skin. Mercury and its compounds, such as mercurous chloride, mercuric oxide, mercuric chloride, and mercuric sulfide, were used widely from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, and to some extent in the twentieth century. During the first half of the twentieth century, the primary therapeutic uses of mercury included bactericidal preparations, such as mercuric chloride, mercuric oxycyanide, and mercuric oxide and diuretics, such as aryl HgX (Novasural) and mercurated ahyl derivatives (14). 

Ophthalmic Dosage Forms. Ophthalmic preparations can be solutions, eg, eye drops, eyewashes, ointments, or aqueous suspensions (30). They must be sterile and any suspended dmg particles must be of a very fine particle size. Solutions must be particle free and isotonic with tears. Thus, the osmotic pressure must equal that of normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) solution. Hypotonic solutions are adjusted to be isotonic by addition of calculated amounts of tonicity adjusters, eg, sodium chloride, boric acid, or sodium nitrate. 

Many patents have been issued on the use of pyrogaUol derivatives as pharmaceuticals. PyrogaUol has been used extemaUy in the form of an ointment or a solution in the treatment of skin diseases, eg, psoriasis, ringworm, and lupus erythematosus. GaUamine triethiodide (16) is an important muscle relaxant in surgery it also is used in convulsive-shock therapy. Trimethoprim (2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine) is an antimicrobial and is a component of Bactrin and Septra. Trimetazidine (l(2,3,4-trimethoxybenzyl)piperazine (Vastarel, Yosimilon) is used as a coronary vasodilator. l,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-l-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-9JT-pyrido[3,4- ]indole hydrochloride is useful as a tranquilizer (52) (see Hypnotics, sedatives, ANTICONVULSANTS, AND ANXIOLYTICS). Substituted indanones made from pyrogaUol trimethyl ether depress the central nervous system (CNS) (53). Tyrosine-and glycine(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrazides are characterized by antidepressant and anti-Parkinson activity (54). 

Lidocaine hydrochloride [73-78-9] (Xylocaine), is the most versatile local anesthetic agent because of its moderate potency and duration of action, rapid onset, topical activity, and low toxicity. Its main indications are for infiltration, peripheral nerve blocks, extradural anesthesia, and in spinal anesthesia where a duration of 30 to 60 min is desirable. Because of its vasodilator activity, addition of the vasoconstrictor, epinephrine, increases the duration of action of Hdocaine markedly. It is also available in ointment or aerosol preparations for a variety of topical appHcations. 

As a pharmaceutical, methyl salicylate is used in liniments and ointments for the relief of pain and for rheumatic conditions. As a flavor and fragrance agent, it is used in confectioneries, dentifrices, cosmetics, and perfumes. Other commercial applications for methyl salicylate are as a dye carrier, as a uv-light stabilizer in acrylic resins, and as a chemical intermediate. The May 1996 price was 5.50/kg (18). 

Thiostrepton family members are biosynthesized by extensive modification of simple peptides. Thus, from amino acid iacorporation studies, the somewhat smaller (mol wt 1200) nosiheptide, which contains five thiazole rings, a trisubstituted iadole, and a trisubstituted pyridine, is speculated to arise from a simple dodecapeptide. This work shows that the thiazole moieties arise from the condensation of serine with cysteiae (159,160). Only a few reports on the biosynthesis of the thiostrepton family are available (159,160). Thiostrepton is presently used ia the United States only as a poly antimicrobial vetetinary ointment (Panalog, Squibb), but thiazole antibiotics have, ia the past, been used as feed additives ia various parts of the world. General (158) and mechanism of action (152) reviews on thiostrepton are available. 

Older Compounds. Some antimycotics have been used for a long time Whitfield s ointment is a typical example (1907). The ointment usually contains 6% ben2oic acid [65-85-0] and 3% sahcyhc acid [69-72-7] C H O. The action is attributed to the keratolytic effect of the sahcyhc acid... 

Combination creams or ointments contain 3.5 mg neomycin base and 10 mg hydrocortisone [50-23-7] per g, in addition to 10 mg natamycin. The combination as a lotion contains 1.75 mg neomycin and 5 mg hydrocortisone/g, in addition to 10 mg natamycin. This combination has an antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and antimycotic action. It is appHed 2—4 times per day. 

Amphotericin B. Amphotericin B (3), an important polyene antibiotic, is administered almost exclusively via the intravenous route and is therefore discussed in more detail under the systemic antimycotics. The vaginal tablets contain 50 mg amphotericin B, and 100 mg tetracycline base per tablet (see also Antibiotics, tetracyclines). The tablets for oral use contain 50 mg amphotericin B, 250 mg tetracycline base, and 125 mg sodium hexametaphosphate. A combination ointment contains 1 mg fludrocortisone acetate, 2.5 mg neomycin, 0.25 mg gramicidin, and 1 g plastibase in addition to 30 mg amphotericin B (see also Antibiotics, peptides). 

The dosage of flucytosine is 150—200 mg/kg orally in four portions every six hours. A 1% flucytosine solution has been developed for intravenous adrninistration. In some countries, a 10% ointment is also available. In patients with normal renal function, flucytosine is seldom toxic, but occasionally severe toxicity may be observed (leukopenia and thrombocytopenia). Plasma levels should be determined and the dose in patients with impaired renal function should be checked. Liver function tests (transaininases and alkaline phosphatase) should be performed regularly. In some patients with high flucytosine plasma levels, hepatic disorders have been observed (24). 

The NF and reagent grades are employed in the pharmaceutical industry which makes use of benzyl alcohol s local anesthetic, antiseptic, and solvent properties (17—20). It also finds use in cough symps and drops ophthalmic solutions bum, dental (21), and insect repeUant solutions and ointments and dermatological aerosol sprays. It is used in nail lacquers and as a color developer in hair dyes by the cosmetics industry (22), and in acne treatment preparations (23). 

---