Poly , antimicrobial

Thiostrepton family members are biosynthesized by extensive modification of simple peptides. Thus, from amino acid iacorporation studies, the somewhat smaller (mol wt 1200) nosiheptide, which contains five thiazole rings, a trisubstituted iadole, and a trisubstituted pyridine, is speculated to arise from a simple dodecapeptide. This work shows that the thiazole moieties arise from the condensation of serine with cysteiae (159,160). Only a few reports on the biosynthesis of the thiostrepton family are available (159,160). Thiostrepton is presently used ia the United States only as a poly antimicrobial vetetinary ointment (Panalog, Squibb), but thiazole antibiotics have, ia the past, been used as feed additives ia various parts of the world. General (158) and mechanism of action (152) reviews on thiostrepton are available. 

A poly( -vinyl-2-pyrroHdinone)-iodine complex [25655-41-8] (PVP-iodine), has been used extensively in hospitals and elsewhere because of its germicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, and generally disinfecting properties (150). It is sold as a solution that contains about 10% available, or active, iodine and about 5% inactive iodine, in the form of iodide ion (see Disinfectants and antiseptics Industrial antimicrobial agents). 

POLY(AMINO acids). Both anionic [e.g., poly(L-aspartic acid) and poly(glutamic acid)] and cationic [e.g., poly[L-lysine)] poly(amino acids) have been suggested as potential drug carriers. Poly(L-lysine) is a homopolymer cosisting of repeating units of L-lysine. It exhibits some affinity for cancer cells and possesses antimicrobial and antiviral properties. It also shows... 

Jiang and Zhu (2001) reported on the synthesis of poly(p-carboxyphe-noxy succinic monoester anhydride) and poly(p-carboxyphenoxy adipic monoester anhydride) (PCPSM and PCPAM), and the copolymer P(CPAM-CPSM) as polymeric antimicrobial prodrugs for diseases such as malaria and hepatitis B. They also reported that PCPSM exhibits strong fluorescence, the intensity of which increases linearly with its molecular weight (Jiang et al., 2001a,b). They showed that when co-polymerized the fluorescence is maintained, though diminished approximately in proportion to the copolymer composition. 

Shamby et al. described a surface finish that consists of a water-insoluble composite of silver bromide nanoparticles and poly(4-vinylpyridinium) salts. Again, silver is released and the quarternary ammonium groups kill on contact [139], Gyomard et al. incorporated the natural antimicrobial peptide gramicidin A into a LbL matrix and were able to show, that the peptide kills Enterococcus faecalis in the surroundings when released and on the surface in immobilized form [140], It is also possible that the antimicrobial a-poly-L-lysine in the LbL layer helped a little. 

Waschinski CJ, Tiller JC (2005) Poly(oxazoline)s with telechelic antimicrobial functions. Biomacromolecules 6 235-243... 

Polis M, Haneiwich S, Kovacs J, et al. Dose escalation study to determine the safety, maximally tolerated dose and pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin with zidovudine in HIV-infected patients. In Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, 1991. 

Gorman SP, McGovern JG, Woolfson AD, et al. The concomitant development of poly(vinyl chloridej-related biofilm and antimicrobial resistance in relation to ventilator-associated pneumonia. Biomaterials 2001 22(20) 2741-2747. 

Weng, Y.M., Chen, M.J., and Chen, W. 1999. Antimicrobial food packaging materials from poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid). Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie 32 191-195. 

Antimicrobial nanoflbers of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) were prepared by electrospinning of a PCL solution with small amounts of Ag-loaded zirconium phosphate (AgZ) nanoparticles for potential use in biomedical applications [41]. SEM, EDX, and XRD investigations of the electrospun flbers confirmed that Ag-containing nanoparticles were incorporated and well-dispersed in smooth PCL nanoflbers [41]. In another study, PCL-based polyurethane (PCL-PU) nanoflbers containing Ag nanoparticles for use in antimicrobial nanofllter applications were prepared by... 

Extrusion is a cost effective manufacturing process. Extrusion is popularly used in large scale production of food, plastics and composite materials. Most widely used thermoplastics are processed by extrusion method. Many biopolymers and their composite materials with petroleum-based polymers can also be extruded. These include pectin/starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) (Fishman et al. 2004), poly(lactic acid)/sugar beet pulp (Liu et al. 2005c), and starch/poly(hydroxyl ester ether) (Otey et al. 1980), etc. In this study, composite films of pectin, soybean flour protein and an edible synthetic hydrocolloid, poly(ethylene oxide), were extruded using a twin-screw extruder, palletized and then processed into films by compression molding process or blown film extrusion. The films were analyzed for mechanical and structural properties, as well as antimicrobial activity. 

Liu, L. S., Finkenstadt, V. L., Liu, C.-K., Jin, T. Z., Fishman, M. L., Hicks, K. B. 2007a.. Preparation of Poly(Lactic acid) and Pectin Composite Films for Application in Antimicrobial Packaging. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, in press. 

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