Ocular delivery

Ocular Delivery Ocular drug delivery has evolved into a great challenge and a subject of interest for many scientists with different backgrounds, including medical,... 

Tammara, V. K. and M. A. Crider. 1996. Prodrugs A chemical approach to ocular drug delivery. Ocular therapeutics and drug delivery, edited by I. K. Reddy. Lancaster, Penn., USA. Technomic Publishing Company, pp. 285-334. 

Drug delivery problems associated with pilocarpine, most notably low ocular bioavailability and short duration of action, continue to be significant (44). In an effort to prolong delivery and to avoid undesirable effects, an investigation was carried out on the incorporation and in vitro release of pilocarpine from a soluble film... 

In this section different forms of topical delivery (dermal and ocular) will be briefly discussed. 

Water-soluble polymers can also be used as aqueous solutions for drug delivery. Although the polymer is already dissolved, its increase in viscosity of the drug solution causes the drug to be retained somewhat longer in the desired application. This technique is common with ocular, nasal, and oral applications of drug solutions. 

Lee, V.H.L. Robinson, J.R. "Review topical ocular drug delivery recent developments and future challenges" Journal of Ocular Pharmacology, 1986,1,67. 

The conventional concentration of benzalkonium chloride in eyedrops is 0.01%, with a range of 0.004-0.02% [111]. While uptake of benzalkonium chloride itself into ocular tissues is limited [113], even lower concentrations of benzalkonium chloride have been reported to enhance corneal penetration of other compounds including therapeutic agents [93,112,114]. The differential effect of this preservative on the cornea compared to the conjunctiva can be exploited to target a drug for corneal absorption and delivery to the posterior segment of the eye [115]. Its use has been proposed as a means of delivering systemic doses by an ocular route of administration [116]. 

An erodible insert developed as a potential ocular drug-delivery system is marketed as a prescription drug for the lubricant properties of the polymer base. Lacrisert is a sterile ophthalmic insert used in the treatment of moderate to severe dry eye syndrome and is usually recommended for patients unable to obtain symptomatic relief with artificial tear solutions. The insert is composed of 5 mg of hydroxypropylcellulose in a rod-shaped form about 1.27 mm diameter by about 3.5 mm long. No preservative is used, since it is essentially anhydrous. The quite rigid cellulose rod is placed in the lower conjunctival sac and first imbibes water from the tears and after several hours forms a... 

J. C. Lang and M. M. Stiemke, Biological barriers to ocular delivery in Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, A Multidisciplinary Approach (I. K. Reddy, ed.), Technomic Publishing Company, 1996, pp. 51-132. 

A. K. Mitra, ed. Ocular Drug Delivery Systems, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993. 

J. Liaw and J. R. Robinson, Ocular penetration en-chancers, in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems (A. K. Mitra, ed.), Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp. 369-381. 

Possible noninvasive routes for delivery of proteins include nasal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, transdermal, ocular, oral, and pulmonary. For each route of delivery there are two potential barriers to absorption permeability and enzymatic barriers. All of the... 

Prodrugs Topical and Ocular Drug Delivery, edited by Kenneth B. Sloan... 

Nevertheless, there are reports on enhancement of ocular drug absorption by bile salts [33], surfactants [200], and chelators [149], Newton et al. [35] demonstrated that Azone, an enhancer widely tested in transdermal drug delivery [201], increased the ocular absorption of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant, by a factor of 3, thereby prolonging the survival of a corneal allograft. In 1986, Lee et al. [34] reported that 10 pg/mL cytochalasin B, an agent capable of condensing the actin microfilaments, increased the aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body concentrations of topically applied inulin (5 kDa) by about 70% and 700%, respectively, in the albino rabbit. 

NM Davies, SJ Farr, J Hadgraft, IW Kellaway. (1991). Evaluation of mucoadhesive polymers in ocular drug delivery. I. Viscous solutions. Pharm Res 8 1039-1043. 

VHL Lee. (1993). Improved ocular drug delivery by use of chemical modification (prodrugs). In P Edman, ed. Biopharmaceutics of Ocular Drug Delivery. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, pp 121-143. 

HW Hui, JR Robinson. (1985). Ocular delivery of progesterone using a bioadhesive polymer. Int J Pharm 26 203-213. 

A Yamamoto, AM Luo, S Doddakashi, VHL Lee. (1989). The ocular route for systemic insulin delivery in the albino rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 249 249-255. 

Octynoic acid, 5 34t Ocular drug delivery, 9 50 Ocular infections, sulfonamides for, 23 499 ODA/PPTA fibers, uses for, 19 734-735 Oddy test, in fine art examination/ conservation, 11 409 O-dealkylation, 9 441 Odometric titration method, 14 59 Odontalag, molecular formula and structure, 5 9 It Odor... 

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