A-chemokines

T-cells, representing the adaptive arm of the immune response, also play a critical role in atherogenesis, and enter lesions in response to the chemokines inducible protein-10 (DP-10), monokine induced by DFN-y (MIG), and DFN-inducible T-cell a-chemoattractant (I-TAC), which bind CXCR3 (a chemokine receptor containing two cysteine residues separated by one amino acid), highly expressed by T lymphocytes in the plaque. The... 

Miller RJ, Meucci O (1999) AIDS and the brain is there a chemokine connection Trends Neurosci 22(10) 471-479... 

Miguelez M, Correa-Nazco VJ et al (1999) [Lumbosacral polyradiculomyelitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) in a patient with AIDS]. An Med Interna 16(8) 417 19 MiUer RJ, Meucci O (1999) AIDS and the brain is there a chemokine connection Trends Neurosd 22(10) 471-479... 

Moreover, other proteolytic products from a chemokine have been proposed to modulate HIV infection. Both CCL14 processing by trypsin and CCL5 processing... 

Fig. 8.3 Chemokines are neuromodulators. Some chemokines can be synthesized, as their own receptor, by the same neuron (a). A chemokine released by exocytosis can modulate the electrical activity of neurons after binding to its own presynaptic receptor (autoreceptor). Chemokines can also act on other neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and microgha) which express chemokine receptors (b). (Adapted from Rostene and Melik-Parsadaniantz, Pour la Science 2008, 369 66-72)...

The first report of the action of a chemokine on neurons was published in 1993. The study demonstrated that IL-8 could increase the survival of cultured neurons (Araujo and Cotman, 1993). However, as can be appreciated from its name, IL-8 was not known to be a chemokine at that time and was instead classed as an interleukin. Indeed, the expression of chemokine receptors by neurons was not generally appreciated until around 1997/1998 when several reports suggested this. These reports included observations of the expression of chemokine receptors by neuronal cell lines (Hesselgesser et al. 1997), primary cultures of neurons (Meucci et al. 1998 Ohtani et al. 1998), and in brain sections from HlV-1, Alzheimer s disease, and other patients (Horuk et al. 1997 Westmoreland et al. 1998 Xia et al. 1997). Furthermore, data were obtained, suggesting functions for chemokine signaling in the development of the nervous system (Zou et al. 1998) as well as in neuronal survival and communication (Giovannelli et al. 1998 Meucci et al. 1998). 

Ceradini DJ, Gurtner GC (2005) Homing to hypoxia HIF-1 as a mediator of progenitor cell recruitment to injured tissue. Trends Cardiovasc Med 15 57-63 Chalasani SH, Sabelko KA, Sunshine MJ, Littman DR, Raper JA (2003) A chemokine, SDF-1, reduces the effectiveness of multiple axonal repellents and is required for normal axon pathfinding. J Neurosci 23 1360-1371... 

The activation of a chemokine receptor is more complex than the traditional agonist-receptor paradigm. For example, chemokine activity is mediated by GAGs (heparin, heparan, and heparin sulfate chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate) at various sites during the chemotactic process. Chemokines released by tissue injury, infection, or inflammation activate adjacent endothelial cells and induce rolling and extravasation of leukocytes. These interactions between... 

Datta A, Stone MJ. Soluble mimics of a chemokine receptor chemokine binding by receptor elements juxtaposed on a soluble scaffold. Protein Sci 2003 12 2482-91. 

Nibbs R, Graham G, Rot A. Chemokines on the move control by the chemokine interceptors Duffy blood group antigen and D6. Semin Immunol 2003 15(5) 287-294. 

Norment AM, Bogatzki LY, Gantner BN, Bevan MJ. Murine CCR9, a chemokine receptor for thymus-expressed chemokine that is up-regulated following pre-TCR signaling. J Immunol 2000 164 639-648. 

Egawa T, Kawabata K, Kawamoto H, et al. The earliest stages of B cell development require a chemokine stromal cell-derived factor/pre-B cell growth-stimulating factor. Immunity 2001 15 323-334. 

Ansel KM, Ngo VN, Hyman PL, et al. A chemokine-driven positive feedback loop organizes lymphoid follicles. Nature 2000 406 309-314. 

Gunn MD, Tangemann K, Tam C, Cyster JG, Rosen SD, Williams LT. A chemokine expressed in lymphoid high endothelial venules promotes the adhesion and chemotaxis of naive T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 95(l) 258-263. 

Anders HJ, Vielhauer V, Frink M, et al. A chemokine receptor CCR-1 antagonist reduces renal fibrosis after unilateral ureter ligation. J Clin Invest 2002 109 251-259. 

Borzi RM, Mazzetti I, Marcu KB, Facchini A. Chemokines in cartilage degradation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004(427 Suppl) S53-61. 

Bhalay G, Dunstan A. Chemokine Receptors and Drug Discovery—SMR meeting. 11 March 2004, Horsham, UK. IDrugs 2004 7(5) 441-443. 

Burman A, Haworth O, Hardie DL, et al. A chemokine-dependent stromal induction mechanism for aberrant lymphocyte accumulation and compromised lymphatic return in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 2005 174(3) 1693-1700. 

Weber C, Schober A, Zemecke A. Chemokines key regulators of mononuclear cell recruitment in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2004 24(11) 1997-2008. 

Murdoch C, Finn A. Chemokine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases. Blood 2000 95(10) 3032-3043. 

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