Antigens blood group

SLC14 Urea transporter 2 Kidd antigen blood group... 

Contamination of blood products with lymphocytes can lead to transfusion-induced reactions ranging from a mild fever to severe reactions such as alloimmunization and graft versus host disease (GvHD), in which the transfused lymphocytes (graft) survive the defensive immune reaction of the patient (host) and start a reaction which destroys the cells of the host. The patient also may develop an immune response to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type of the graft s cells and reject all platelet transfusions that do not match their own HLA system. The HLA system, found on blood platelets and lymphocytes, is more compHcated than, but similar to, the ABO blood group system of red cells. 

Transfusion-induced autoimmune disease has been a significant complication in the treatment of patients who require multiple platelet transfusions. Platelets and lymphocytes carry their own blood group system, ie, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, and it can be difficult to find an HLA matched donor. A mismatched platelet transfusion does not induce immediate adverse reactions, but may cause the patient to become refractory to the HLA type of the transfused platelets. The next time platelets with an HLA type similar to that of the transfused platelets are transfused, they are rejected by the patient and thus have no clinical efficacy. Exposure to platelets originating from different donors is minimized by the use of apheresis platelets. One transfusable dose (unit) of apheresis platelets contains 3-5 x 10 platelets. An equal dose of platelets from whole blood donation requires platelets from six to eight units of whole blood. Furthermore, platelets can be donated every 10 days, versus 10 weeks for whole blood donations. 

Figure 25.12 Structures of the A, B, and 0 blood-group antigenic determinants.

KELL blood group antigen is a plasma membrane protein isolated from red cells homologous to zinc-binding glycoproteins with neutral endopeptidase activity. 

Glycosphingolipids are constituents of the outer leaflet of plasma membranes and are important in cell adhesion and cell recognition. Some are antigens, eg, ABO blood group substances. Certain gangliosides function as receptors for bacterial toxins (eg, for cholera toxin, which subsequently activates adenylyl cyclase). 

As already pointed out, the three units that have been implicated in the display of the MN blood-group antigens by glycophorins A and A are... 

As mentioned earlier, glycophorin B carries the N and the Ss blood-group antigens. It is known that the first 26 residues of the amino acid sequence are identical to those in the N-terminal portion of glycophorin A". Moreover, relative to glycophorin A, it has a shortened amino acid chain, comprising 35 amino acid residues at the C-terminus. It is also known to contain 4 lysine residues. 

Tian, P., Engelbrektson, A. L., Jiang, X., Zhong, W., and Mandrell, R. E. (2007). Norovirus recognizes histo-blood group antigens on gastrointestinal cells of clams, mussels, and oysters A possible mechanism of bioaccumulation. /. Food Prot. 70, 2140-2147. 

Nibbs R, Graham G, Rot A. Chemokines on the move control by the chemokine interceptors Duffy blood group antigen and D6. Semin Immunol 2003 15(5) 287-294. 

It is now well established that the MN blood-group antigens are situated99-101 on the major sialoglycoprotein (glycophorin A) of the erythrocyte membrane. The complex, antigenic structure resides within the first five amino acid residues from the N-terminal portion of the molecule three of these residues are glycosylated. 

Kelly D. and King T.P. (1991). The influence of lactation products on the temporal expression of histo-blood group antigens in the intestines of suckling pigs lectin histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis . Histochem J, 23, 55-60. 

An interesting practical application of these factors has been initiated by Morgan,127- 128 who prepared an artificial antigen with Group A specificity by combining the Blood Group A factor from hog mucin with a... 

A. Dessen, D. Gupta, S. Sabesan, C. F. Brewer, and J. C. Sacchettini, X-ray crystal structure of the soybean agglutinin crosslinked with a biantennary analog of the blood group I carbohydrate antigen, Biochemistry, 34 (1995) 4933 1-942. 

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