Zinc chloride, sulfate

Standard EDTA Solutions. Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate is available commercially of analytical reagent purity. After drying at 80°C for at least 24 hr, its composition agrees exactly with the dihydrate formula (molecular weight 372.25). It may be weighed directly. If an additional check on the concentration is required, it may be standardized by titration with nearly neutralized zinc chloride or zinc sulfate solution. 

Standard Zinc Solution. Dissolve exactly 13.629 g of zinc chloride, ACS reagent grade, or 28.754 g of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, and dilute to 1 E for O.IOOOM solution. 

The zinc electrolyte contains ca 60 kg/m zinc as sulfate and ca 100 kg/m free sulfuric acid. It is electrolyzed between electrodes suspended vertically in lead or plastic-lined, eg, poly(vinyl chloride), concrete tanks. The insoluble anodes are made of lead with small amounts of silver. The anodic... 

The central carbon atom is derived from an aromatic aldehyde or a substance capable of generating an aldehyde during the course of the condensation. Malachite green is prepared by heating benzaldehyde under reflux with a slight excess of dimethyl aniline in aqueous acid (Fig. 2). The reaction mass is made alkaline and the excess dimethylaniline is removed by steam distillation. The resulting leuco base is oxidized with freshly prepared lead dioxide to the carbinol base, and the lead is removed by precipitation as the sulfate. Subsequent treatment of the carbinol base with acid produces the dye, which can be isolated as the chloride, the oxalate [2437-29-8] or the zinc chloride double salt [79118-82-4]. 

Table 5. U.S. Production and Importation of Zinc Oxide, Sulfate, and Chloride, Metric Tons ...

Many agents have been proposed and patented including copper sulfate (34), zinc chloride (35), ferric chloride (36), aluminum chloride (36), and phosphoms pentoxide (37) ferric chloride, zinc chloride, and phosphoms pentoxide have been most widely used. The addition of these agents may vary from 0.1 to 3%, depending upon the feedstock and the desired characteristics of the product (Table 5) and all asphalt feedstocks do not respond to catalysts in the same way. Differences in feedstock composition are important qualifiers in determining the properties of the asphalt product. The important softening point-penetration relationship, which describes the temperature susceptibiUty of an asphalt, also varies with the source of the feedstock. Straight-reduced, air-blown, and air-blown catalytic asphalts from the same cmde feedstock also vary considerably. 

Zinc chloride is a Lewis acid catalyst that promotes cellulose esterification. However, because of the large quantities required, this type of catalyst would be uneconomical for commercial use. Other compounds such as titanium alkoxides, eg, tetrabutoxytitanium (80), sulfate salts containing cadmium, aluminum, and ammonium ions (81), sulfamic acid, and ammonium sulfate (82) have been reported as catalysts for cellulose acetate production. In general, they require reaction temperatures above 50°C for complete esterification. Relatively small amounts (<0.5%) of sulfuric acid combined with phosphoric acid (83), sulfonic acids, eg, methanesulfonic, or alkyl phosphites (84) have been reported as good acetylation catalysts, especially at reaction temperatures above 90°C. 

Hemithioketals can be prepared from 12,20-diketones [e.g., (81)] by reaction with mercaptoethanol, zinc chloride and sodium sulfate in dioxane. The 12-hemithioketal of triketocholanic acid is prepared by selective cleavage of the 3,7,12-trihemithioketal. " ... 

A stream of ethylene oxide is passed through a solution of 107 g of 2-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid and 2 g of zinc chloride in 200 ml of toluene, previously heated to between 55°C and 60°C, until 24 g of the gas have been dissolved. The reaction is allowed to continue for five hours, with gentle stirring. After this time has elapsed, the solution is cooled and washed successively with water, dilute ammonia and water until its pH becomes neutral. It is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent Is separated off under vacuum, and the resulting liquid is the monoglycol ester of 2-(p-chlorophenoxv)-2-methylpropionlc acid. 

B) t-Butyl 2-Methyl-5-Methoxy-3-lndolylacetate t-Butyl alcohol (25 ml) and fused zinc chloride (0.3 g) are added to the anhydride from Part A. The solution is refluxed for 16 hours and excess alcohol is removed in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in ether, washed several times with saturated bicarbonate, water, and saturated salt solution. After drying over magnesium sulfate, the solution is treated with charcoal, evaporated, and flushed several times with Skellysolve B for complete removal of alcohol. The residual oily ester (18 g, 93%) is used without purification. 

In another series of experiments, a novel approach to the determination of nucleotide sequence was adopted by A. S. Jones, Stacey, and their co-workers. For example, when calf thymus DNA was treated with mercaptoacetic acid in the presence of zinc chloride and anhydrous sodium sulfate, it yielded aldehydo-apurinic acid bis(carboxymethyl) dithioacetal. When degraded with dilute alkali, this afforded dialyzable fragments, which were separated into at least 20 components. Some were identified, including mono-, di-, and tri-nucleotides, thereby revealing that DNA contain regions of at least three linked pyrimidine nucleotides. The same procedure was applied to the DNA isolated from M. phlei ... 

Nearly quantitative yields of acetonitrile can be obtained by passing mixtures of NH3 and acetylene over zircon at 400-500°C [225], over CviOy on Y-alumina at 360°C [226] or by passing mixtures of NH, acetylene and hydrogen at 400-420°C over a mixture of zinc and thorium oxides on silica [227] or at 300-450°C over zinc oxide or zinc sulfate or zinc chloride on silica [228, 229], In such reactions, the role of traces of water has often been questioned. However, acetonitrile could be obtained under rigorously anhydrous conditions, thus demonstrating the direct amination of acetylene with NH,. It was also reported that ethyUdeneimine can be obtained in up to 26% yield [225], However, in the Ught of more recent work [230, 231] the product was most probably 2,4,6-trimethyl-l,3,5-hexahydrotriazine. 

The rotating hemisphere electrode has been used to investigate the effect of AC on the electrodissolution and deposition reactions of zinc in zinc chloride [25] and copper in acid copper sulfate solutions [55], AC was found to increase the rate of nucleation and produce more uniform deposit on the zinc electrode. The corrosion of an iron rotating hemisphere in dilute sulfuric acid was investigated by Haili [31] using the AC impedance measurement. 

None 100 Zinc formate 44 Zinc carbonate 42 Zinc sulfate 43 Zinc oxalate 39 Zinc chloride 8 Zinc acetate 7 Zinc benzoate 2 Zinc 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate 1... 

Other Methods of Preparation.—Ethyl 2-(D-ara6i no-tetrahydroxybutyl)-5-methyl-4-furoate has been prepared by heating D-glucose plus ethyl acetoacetate in aqueous alcohol without a catalyst,1 or from the same reagents (1 g. and 0.5 ml., respectively) in 0.5 ml. of 96% ethanol plus 1.5 ml. of water at room temperature in the presence of ferric chloride, zinc chloride (with small quantities of hydrochloric acid or of sodium hydroxide), cupric chloride, ferric sulfate, zinc sulfate, aluminum chloride, nickel chloride, or cobalt nitrate.18... 

A mixture of 10 g. of D-galactose, 10 ml. of ethyl acetoaeetate, 10 ml. of ethanol, and 5 g. of zinc chloride is heated on a steam bath during 75 minutes. The mixture is cooled, 45 ml. of water is added, and the solution is extracted with two 30-ml. portions of benzene. The aqueous layer is then extracted with nine 15-ml. portions of ethyl acetate. The united extracts are washed successively with an aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite and with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated to dryness, affording 4.5 g. of a sirup. This is saponified with 12.5 ml. of 10% sodium hydroxide solution, and then acidified (to Congo Red) with phosphoric acid. The aqueous solution is extracted with successive 30-ml. portions of ethyl acetate, and these are dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and individually evaporated to dryness. Extracts after the fourth yield a solid product m. p., 130°. Recrystallized from petroleum ether plus acetic acid, the compound has m. p. 132-134° yield, variable, ca. 2%.54... 

D-Fructose (20 g.) is well mixed with 12 g. of zinc chloride, the mixture is transferred to a round-bottomed flask, and 20 ml. of ethyl acetoaeetate in 20 ml. of 96% ethanol is added. The mixture is heated on a steam bath, with stirring, until it is homogeneous, and is then poured into 200 ml. of cold water. The solution is extracted with four 40-ml. portions of benzene (to remove unreacted ethyl acetoaeetate) and then with four 40-ml. portions of ethyl acetate. The latter four extracts are dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent is evaporated, affording a semicrystalline residue which is recrystallized from ethyl acetate and then from water colorless needles m. p., 162-163° yield, 0.2 g.ss- ... 

A mixture of 2.65 g. of freshly distilled 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-glycerose, 1.5 ml. of ethyl acetoacetate, 0.7 g. of zinc chloride, 20 ml. of N sulfuric acid, and 20 ml. of 96% ethyl alcohol is kept at room temperature for twenty-four hours. After addition of 3 g. of crystalline sodium acetate and keeping for a further 48 hours at room temperature, the mixture is heated for 15 minutes at 90°. It is then repeatedly extracted with ether, and the united extracts are successively washed with water, an aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite, and a small quantity of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The ether layer is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent is evaporated, yielding an oil which is saponified with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (4 ml. of 10%) by heating on a steam bath for one hour. The aqueous solution is extracted with ether, acidified (to Congo Red) with phosphoric acid, and then repeatedly extracted with ether the united extracts are dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent is evaporated, giving a residue which crystallizes from water yield, 0.2 g. of the product (X) m. p., 153-155°. 

A mixture of 4.5 g. of 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, 80 ml. of ethyl acetoacetate, 60 ml of 96% ethyl alcohol, and 4 g. of anhydrous zinc chloride is heated under reflux on a steam bath for half an hour. After cooling, it is poured into water and extracted with benzene. The extract is washed successively with a bisulfite solution (twice), dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, and dilute hydrochloric acid, and is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The benzene is evaporated, giving 4 g. of an almost colorless oil which is saponified by heating with 5 g. of sodium hydroxide in 20 ml. of 96% alcohol for half an hour on a steam bath. Part of the alcohol is evaporated, water is added, and the solution is extracted twice with ether. The aqueous layer is acidified (to Congo Red) with hydrochloric acid (1 1). The resulting solid is removed by filtration and recrystallized from 180 ml. of water yield, about 3 g. It may be purified by steam distillation, affording colorless crystals m. p., 120-122°. 

Some properties of zinc, zinc chloride, and zinc sulfate... 

Zinc is a bluish-white metal which dissolves readily in strong acids. In nature it occurs as a sulfide, oxide, or carbonate. In solution, it is divalent and can form hydrated Zn2+ cations in acids, and zincated anions — probably Zn(OH)42 — in strong bases (USEPA 1980, 1987). Zinc dust and powder are sold commercially under a variety of trade names Asarco, Blue powder, Cl 77949, Cl pigment metal 6, Emanay zinc dust, granular zinc, JASAD Merrillite, LI 5, and PASCO (USPHS 1989). Selected physical and chemical properties of zinc, zinc chloride, and zinc sulfate are listed in Table 9.2. 

Table 9.2 Some Properties of Zinc, Zinc Chloride, and Zinc Sulfate...

Property Zinc Zinc chloride Zinc sulfate... 

Gaynor, P.J., M.J. Montgomery, and C.R. Holmes. 1988. Effect of zinc chloride or zinc sulfate treatment of protein supplement on milk production. Jour. Dairy Sci. 71 2175-2180. 

Anhydrous sodium tungstate, 25 382 Anhydrous stannic chloride, 24 803 Anhydrous stannous chloride, 24 802-803 Anhydrous zinc chloride, 26 617 Anhydrous zinc sulfate, 26 617 Aniline, 2 783-809, 17 250, 259 alkylation, 2 197 Bechamp process, 2 490 from benzene, 3 619t, 620 chemical reactions, 2 783-789 derivatives, 2 783-809 economic aspects, 2 790-791... 

Aqueous uranyl sulfate system, 25 429 Aqueous varnish removal systems, in fine art examination/conservation, 11 413 Aqueous zinc chloride, as cellulose solvent, 11 272... 

Nitroso-/3-naphthol has been made by the action of hydroxyl-amine hydrochloride on /3-naphtho-quinonc-chlorimide 1 by the action of sulfuric acid upon a solution of potassium or sodium nitrite and the sodium salt of /3-naphthol 2 by the action of sodium nitrite upon an alcoholic solution of zinc chloride and /3-naphthol 3 by the action of sodium nitrite upon /3-naphthol suspended in zinc sulfate solution 4 by the action of nitrous acid on /3-dinaphthol methane 6 and by the action of nitrosyl sulfate upon the sodium salt of /3-naphthol.6... 

Potassium permanganate Potassium sulfate 20 Unknown n S Zinc chloride Unknown n... 

Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Unknown Unknown 1 s Zinc chloride Unknown s... 

To avoid coextraction of iron, the iron is initially reduced to its Il-valent state. Then zinc is extracted as a zinc chloride complex into an organic solution containing tributylphosphate (TBP). Zinc is stripped from the organic solution with water or dilute hydrochloric acid (Fig. 14.5). The resulting strip solution is evaporated, either (1) after addition of sulfuric acid, giving a dilute hydrochloric acid condensate and a zinc sulfate precipitate, or (2) directly without any addition, giving a dilute hydrochloric acid condensate and a concentrate zinc chloride product solution. 

---