From anhydrides

Fig. 35. Plot of the reduced osmotic modulus from anhydride cured linear and cross-linked phenylglycidylethers [165,173-175]...

Scheme 16.17. Photochemical generation of 50 and 51 from anhydrides 61 and 62. Compound 50 is photocarhonylated to cyclopentadienylideneketene (63). The analogous photoreaction of 57 to ketene 64 was not observed. ...

Mannitol hexanitrate is obtained by nitration of mannitol with mixed nitric and sulfuric acids. Similarly, nitration of sorbitol using mixed acid produces the hexanitrate when the reaction is conducted at 0—3°C and at —10 to —75°C, the main product is sorbitol pentanitrate (117). Xylitol, ribitol, and L-arabinitol are converted to the pentanitrates by fuming nitric acid and acetic anhydride (118). Phosphate esters of sugar alcohols are obtained by the action of phosphorus oxychloride (119) and by alcoholysis of organic phosphates (120). The 1,6-dibenzene sulfonate of D-mannitol is obtained by the action of benzene sulfonyl chloride in pyridine at 0°C (121). To obtain 1,6-dimethanesulfonyl-D-mannitol free from anhydrides and other by-products, after similar sulfonation with methane sulfonyl chloride and pyridine the remaining hydroxyl groups are acetylated with acetic anhydride and the insoluble acetyl derivative is separated, followed by deacetylation with hydrogen chloride in methanol (122). Alkyl sulfate esters of polyhydric alcohols result from the action of sulfur trioxide—trialkyl phosphates as in the reaction of sorbitol at 34—40°C with sulfur trioxide—triethyl phosphate to form sorbitol hexa(ethylsulfate) (123). 

From anhydrides and alcohols H (RC0)20 + R OH ——> RC02R T RC02H -53i. RC02R + H20 H Widely applicable acid-catalyzed. 

Chandrasekhar, S., Padmaja, M.B. and Raza, A., Solid phase-solid state synthesis of N alkyl imides from anhydrides, Synlett, 1999, 1597-1599. 

An important discovery in recent years has been that under the fairly high temperatures required for their formation from anhydrides, arynes are in equilibrium with the corresponding cyclopentadienylidenecarbenes which may be trapped by an intramolecular insertion. This is illustrated by FVP of 297 at 800 °C where the aryne 298 rearranges to the... 

In the second patent [81], Rice obtained the initiator from anhydride ... 

Enols or enolates from anhydrides are not used very often in aldol reactions other than in one important application, usually known as the Perkin reaction. An acid anhydride, such as acetic anhydride, is combined with a non-enolizable aldehyde and a weak base, usually the salt of the acid. This base is used so that nucleophilic attack on the anhydride does no hami, simply regenerating the anhydride. q... 

The highly acidic conditions required to generate peracids in situ from carboxylic acids and hydrogen peroxide are usually not conducive to efficient amine oxidation. In situ generation from anhydrides in neutral solution or other acylated agents in alkali can be employed. In situ perphthalic or permaleic have been reported for pyrimidine oxidation.332... 

Other recent repiorts of the automated synthesis of SP libraries of discretes include those of Wilson et al. (166), who prepared a library of more than 1000 aminohydantoins from a-hydrazino amino acids, amines, and aldehydes Perumattam et al. (167), who reported a 200-member library based on an anhydride template using anhydrides, primary amines, and a-amino acids Smith et al. (168), who described the synthesis of a library of more than 1000 piperazinediones from a-amino acids Crawshaw et al. (169), who presented a >200-member Ubrary of cyclohexanones from maleimides, nitrostyrenes, and aminobutadienes Shao et al. (170), who described a 96-member library of quina-zolinediones from anhydrides and amines Lebl et al. (21), presenting a 30,816-member... 

The synthesis of a model library of 100 amides from anhydrides on microchips has been described with quality control indicating excellent yields of pure amides and no cross-contamination of the wells (199). This test validated the chip structure, the seals of the system, and the electrohydrodynamic pumping system in the presence of solvents such as DMF and methanol and reagents such as the anhydrides, piperidine, and DIPEA. More challenging chemistries and larger libraries have also been presented. 

C. From 1,2-Dicarbonyl Compounds. D. From Anhydrides of 1,2-Dicarboxylio Acids and Related 228... 

D. From Anhydrides op 1,2-Dicarboxylic Acids and Related Compounds... 

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