Wound exudates

Wimd-klee, m. kidney vetch, -kraut, n. vulnerary pknt. -pulver, n. vulnerary powder, -salt, m. wound exudate, -schwamm, m. surgeon s agaric, -stein, m. copper alumi-nate. 

This indicates that, unlike the WHR strains of Agrobacterium, the LHR strains are less sensitive to phenylpropanoid metabolites. Preliminary results indicate that the virulence of grapevine isolates of Agrobacterium may be influenced by the presence of certain higher molecular weight phenolic esters of grape flavans in addition to less polar, chloroform soluble phenolics present in aqueous grapevine-stem wound exudates. 

Romm A, Sherstnev M, Volkov V, Valdimirove lu (1986) Action of laser irradiation on the peroxide chemiluminescence of wound exudates. Biull Eksp Biol Med (Moscow) 102(10) 426-428... 

Sample containers and zippered bags (to seal urine, feces, blood, dressings, wound exudates, clothing, bandages, etc.)... 

Figure 3 TEM picluie oJ a 12-day-old wound, covered with collagen sponge. Collagen spongesinjccure, tilled witf. wound exudate, Luuiaijiing fibroblasts (F) and cplihelial cells (fi)(15tWx),...

Vapor permeable adhesive films are of use in those wounds in which granulation tissue is established and wound exudate is declining. These products were developed as materials that would, in part, mimic the performance of skin. The resultant products were transparent, synthetic adhesive films generically described as vapor permeable adhesive membranes, and comprised of transparent polyurethane or other synthetic films of low reflectance, evenly coated on one side with a synthetic adhesive mass. The adhesive is cohesive and inactivated by contact with moisture and will not therefore stick to moist skin or the wound bed. The films are permeable to water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide but occlusive to water and bacteria and have highly elastomeric and extensible properties. They are conformable, resistant to shear and tear, sterile and particle free. 

Advanced wound management products containing silver have been developed to treat difficult-to-heal wounds, chronic ulcers, and extensive burns. Odor absorbing dressings adsorb polarized bacteria onto the surface of the charcoal cloth used in the formulation. The silver present in the dressing exerts a bactericidal effect that gradually diminishes as wound exudate saturates the material. 

Petrolatum and lanolin alcohols is a soft solid used in topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics as an ointment base with emollient properties. It is also used in the preparation of creams and lotions. Petrolatum and lanolin alcohols can be used to absorb wound exudates. See Table I. 

Considerable selenium losses in wound exudates following severe burns have been recorded, and supplementation of a mixture of selenium, zinc, and copper leads to a reduction in respiratory infections." Supplementation, even in apparently selenium-adequate individuals, has some immune function stimulatory effects, including improvement in natural kfller cell activity and increases in IL-2 receptor expression." It has been speculated that the increased infection rates in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients may be related to selenium depletion and this may even influence the progression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity to the AIDS syndrome. " ... 

Ion Exchange Between Calcium Alginate and Wound Exudate... 

HBV and HCV are diseases of the liver, sometimes referred to as hepatitis or inflammation of the liver. Both HBV and HCV are bloodbome pathogens, like HIV. The virus is most concentrated in blood, serum, and wound exudates. The virus is also present in smaller concentrations in semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk. Low concentrations exist in urine, feces, sweat, tears, and saliva. The incubation period for HVB is from 45 to 160 days, and for HCV 2 to 26 weeks, with a fatality rate of 1 to 1.4%. Like HIV, symptoms are insidious at onset. They include anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice, skin rashes, arthralgies, and arthritis. A vaccine is available for HBV. 

Wound exudate is present in all phases of wound healing. It supplies the wound with nutrients and a favourable environment for the migration of cells. The presence of leucocytes in wound exudate helps to control bacteria and reduces the incidence of infection (Boateng et al., 2008 Initiative, 2007). However, excessive amounts of exudate can cause complications in chronic wounds thus its absorption has to be handled in the proper manner. 

When a water-insoluble calcium alginate fibre is in contact with wound exudates, the calcium ions exchange with sodium ions in the body fluid and calcium ions release. Calcium ions can act as a haemostatic agent. When in contact with the wound, calcium alginate fibre slowly turns into a sodium alginate fibre it absorbs a large quantity of exudates and turns itself into a gel, which helps keep a moist interface on the wound surface. 

KytoCel by Aspen, reported by Aspen (2014), is a highly absorbent dressing composed of natural, biodegradable acylated chitosan fibres, which bond with wound exudate to form a clear gel that locks in fluid, absorbs pathogens, and is conformable to the wound bed. 

A composite film was prepared by the addition of 10—30% chitosan into keratin (Khor and Lim, 2003). This film exhibited improved resistance to bacteria and supported fibroblast attachment and proliferation, suggesting a role in wound healing for keratin—chitosan films. Moreover, the preparation of a bilayered chitosan membrane proved its effectiveness for controlling of infection. Such a membrane uses a thin layer of chitosan as an antibacterial and moisture control barrier attached to a sponge layer that could absorb wound exudates. Additionally, the bilayered chitosan... 

A number of kinds of active dressings have been developed that take advantage of surface and/or colloidal principles and systems. Some of them are fairly simple. For example, silver-coated fibres have been used to contribute antimicrobial and antifungal properties into bioactive fibre bandages, which work through direct contact with wound exudate [48,49]. 

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