Whole blood ethanol

Alcohol distributes into the aqueous compartments of blood, and because the water content of serum ( 98%) is greater than that of whole blood ( 86%), results indicating higher alcohol levels are obtained with serum. Experimentally the serum whole blood ethanol ratio is 1.14 (1.09 to 1,18) and varies slightly with hematocrit.Several states have enacted laws that define intoxication while driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol based on whole blood ethanol concentrations. Some states do not specify the specimen type. Therefore laboratories that perform alcohol determinations should make clear the choice of specimen. 

Winek CL, Carfagna M. Comparison of plasma, serum, and whole blood ethanol concentrations. J Anal Toxicol 1987 11 267-8. 

There are no studies in humans directly demonstrating increased production of ROM in alcoholic liver disease. However, indirect evidence does support the hypothesis that ROM are involved in the pathogenesis of ethanolic liver injury (Arthur, 1988 Tsukamoto et al., 1990 Nordmann et /., 1992). Basal whole blood... 

Relative extraction efficiencies of polar polymeric neutral, cation, and anion exchange sorbents (HLB, MCX, and MAX) for 11 beta antagonists and 6 beta agonists in human whole blood were probed.109 Initial characterization of MCX and MAX for acidic and basic load conditions, respectively, showed that both the agonists and antagonists were well retained on MCX, while they were recovered from MAX in the wash with either methanol or 2% ammonia in methanol (see Table 1.6). Blood samples were treated with ethanol containing 10% zinc sulfate to precipitate proteins and the supernatants loaded in 2% aqueous ammonium hydroxide onto the sorbents. After a 30% methanol and 2% aqueous ammonia wash, the analytes were eluted with methanol (HLB), 2% ammonia in methanol (MCX), or 2% formic acid in methanol (MAX). The best recoveries were observed with MCX under aqueous conditions or blood supernatant (after protein precipitation) spiked sample load conditions (see Table 1.7). Ion suppression studies by post-column infusion showed no suppression for propranolol and terbutaline with MCX, while HLB and MAX exhibited suppression (see Figure 1.6). 

Distribution in Blood. Plasma whole blood ratio, trichloro-ethanol, about 0.9. 

Garden JS, Mitchell DG, Jackson KW. Improved ethanol extraction procedure for determining zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood. Cfin Chem 1977 23 264-9. 

Serum (or plasma) is the most common specimen for ethanol analysis by ADH methods the method also performs well with urine or saUva. In some methods, whole blood may be used directly, but in others, a precipitation step may be required before analysis to avoid interference from hemoglobin. These methods generally compare closely with gas chromatographic methods. ... 

Statutory laws for driving under the influence of alcohol were originally based on the concentration of ethanol in venous whole blood. Because the collection of blood is invasive and requires intervention by medical personnel, the determination of alcohol in expired air has long been the mainstay of evidential alcohol measurements.There is also growing clinical interest m the determination of breath alcohol at the point-of-care. The fundamental principle for use of breath analysis is that alcohol in capillary alveolar blood rapidly equilibrates with alveolar air in a ratio... 

Caplan YH, Levine B. Evaluation of the Abbott TDx-radiative energy attenuation (REA) ethanol assay in a study of 1105 forensic whole blood specimens. J Forensic Sci 1987 32 55-61. 

A. Tangerman, Highly sensitive gas chromatographic analysis of ethanol in whole blood, serum, urine, and fecal supernatants by the direct injection method, Clin. Chem., 43, 1003-1009 (1997). 

Ethanol Whole blood UV-Vis 0-32.0 mg L"1 14 Zone stopping at the detector/slope estimation/no blank run [66]... 

Exploitation of this approach is straightforward in flow analysis the sample zone is handled, stopped inside the detector for a pre-set time interval and then directed towards waste. The initial and final measurements of the analytical signal are considered. The blank value is directly compensated by this approach and lag-phase effects become of minor concern, as demonstrated in the spectrophotometric determination of ethanol in whole blood [359]. The samples were injected without prior treatment other than dilution with a buffer solution and the stop period was 50—70 s. Sensitivity could be varied by selecting other stop periods. 

Watanabe-Suzuki, K Seno, H. Ishii, A Kumazawa, T. Suzuki, O. (1999). Ultrasensitive method for the determination of ethanol in whole blood by headspace capillary gas chromatography with cryogenic oven trapping. Journal of chromatography B. 727,89-94... 

Absorption of trans-resveratrol and other related compounds in rats was investigated [36]. Male Wistar rats (350 g) were used in a bioavailability study of [ H]trans-resveratrol administered by gavage together with (+ )-catechin, quercetin, and unlabeled trans-resveratrol in matrices of 10% ethanol, V8 vegetable homogenate mixture, and white grape juice. Whole blood, blood serum, urine, feces, and tissue... 

Bonnichsen and Theorell in 1951 were the first to use ADH for analyzing ethanol in blood, and for several commercial kits, such as Blood Alcohol UV Test BMY (Boehringer Mannheim) and Alcohol Kit (Sigma), are available for measuring ethanol in whole blood, serum, plasma, and urine by using this method. 

To inhibit microbial growth in blood samples taken for the determination of ethanol, sodium fluoride is added. As a volatile organic analyte is measured, the sample containers should prevent evaporation. Clinical chemistry samples have a variety of preservatives depending on the specific analysis, e.g., heparin or citrate to prevent clotting of a whole blood sample. In this instance the tube already has the preservative in place before the sample is added all that is required is that the container is gently mixed to disperse the preservative throughout the sample. 

D.H.Nugteren In one experiment we added 10 ng prostacyclin to a mixture of 10 ml whole blood and 20 ml ethanol and then determined the recovery of 6-keto-PGF- using 10 ngc -homo-PGF-j as internal standard. It appeared that the added prostacyclin had been quantitatively converted into 6-keto-... 

Forensic laboratories typically report BAC values differently than do clinical laboratories. Forensic BAC values are reported consistent with the state statute, such as grams of ethanol per 100 mL of blood (g/100 mL). Most clinical values are reported in mg% or mg/dL. In addition, most hospital laboratories report the results of serum alcohol, which is, on average, approximately 1.16 times higher than a whole blood reading. 

To take advantage of the fact that retinol is much more stable when com-plexed with plasma retinol-binding protein, its transport protein, Oliver et al. (43) allowed 200- J,L serum aliquots to dry onto ethanol-washed, dry filter paper. The retinol was redissolved for HPLC analysis by suspending the paper in phosphate buffer, followed by shaking with ethanol, and then extracted with hexane. Shi et al. (44) similarly shipped and stored whole blood or serum samples dried on filter paper, with subsequent analysis by capillary electrophoresis. This procedure allows simple, inexpensive shipment of samples (e.g., population screening surveys) over great distances. 

Schrijver et al. (25) described a reliable postcolumn derivatization HPLC method for total thiamine in whole blood. Two milliliters of whole blood was deproteinized with trichloroacetic acid, neutralized with sodium acetate buffer to a final pH of 4.5, and then treated with Taka-diastase for 2 h at 45°C. After centrifugation, the clear supernatant was used for direct HPLC analysis. A LiCh-rosorb Si-100 column (250 X 4.6 mm lOpm) was used and 240 XL of the extract was injected onto the column, eluted with a mobile phase composed of 40 vaM Na2HPO4-30 mM KH2PO4 and ethanol (87 13, v/v), at pH 6.8. 

Erythrocytes from four units of outdated whole blood were washed with saline, lysed by freeze-thawing, and applied to a DEAE-cellulose column at pH 7.0. A single peak of APRT activity was eluted with a 0 to 0.3 M potassium chloride gradient. This was subjected to a 35% to 60% ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by a 30% ethanol precipitation at pH 5.0. The APRT in the resuspended precipitate was chromatographed on CM-cellulose at pH 5.2, concentrated by hyperosmolar dialysis and applied to a Sephadex G-75 column. The activity peak was pooled and used for further studies. 

---