Water reclamation/recycling

Levine, A.D., Asano, T., Water reclamation, recycling and reuse in industry, Chapter 2 in ... 

Asano, T. and Levine, A.D., Wastewater Reclamation, Recycling and Reuse An Introduction. Chapter 1 of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, ed. Takashi Asano, Vol. 10, Water Quality Management Library, p 1-56, Technomic Publishing, PA., 1998. 

Asano T and Levine D (1996), Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse past, present and future . Water Sci Technol, 33,1-14. 

Asano, T., ed. 1998. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse. Lancaster, PA Technomic Publications. Experts from around the world contributed to this useful and unique text that analyzes and reviews aspects of wastewater reclamation, recycling, and reuse in countries around the world. This is volume 10 of an 11-volume series, the Water Quality Management Library, which thoroughly addresses issues in wastewater treatment, sludge, nonpoint pollution, toxicity reduction, and groundwater remediation. 

Several aspects of water treatment are becoming more important, especially as pressures increase for water reclamation and recycle. These include the emergence of increased amounts of exotic contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, personal care products, household chemicals, disinfection by-products, and nanomaterials, those in a size range of 1-100 mn used increasingly in applications such as the delivery of pharmaceuticals. 

Removing suspended inorganic material from waste streams generated in the beneficiation of ores or nonmetalHc minerals, to form a concentrated slurry that can be used for reclamation of mined out areas or other uses and a clarified water that can be discharged or recycled. 

One approach has been to increase the energy efficiency of conventional processing by such techniques as Improved energy conversion processes, energy reclamation and recycle and mechanical techniques to extract a greater portion of the water from wet fabrics prior to their being dried. 

In addition to wastewater effluent treatment regulations as a driving force for industrial wastewater treatment, other factors such as water and wastewater management costs, operation costs, and recovery and recycle of processing chemicals play critical roles in determining industrial wastewater reclamation needs and treatment processes. 

Process design the report discusses the development of a number of products specifically designed to reduce environmental impact. These include flocculating and chelating agents for water treatment chemicals to aid recycling paper, gels for land reclamation and more environmentally friendly pesticides. 

Industrial waste reclamation. A very wide field, in many cases requiring microfiltration or ultrafiltration pretreatment to condition the water prior to the RO membrane. Piloting is often required due to the one-off nature of these streams. Some thought at the design stage for industrial plant may identify some waste streams that are easily treated for recycle— they should be kept separate from the difficult streams. 

If chemical reclamation is the objective, process segregation is necessary. This is particularly true when chrome is to be recovered from rinse waters. Cyanide rinses, copper and nickel plating rinses, and alkahne or acid rinses must be removed from the chrome rinse waters. The rinse waters containing the chrome will first pass through a cation-exchange unit where the chrome-bath impurities, such as copper, nickel, and trivalent chromium, are removed.The hexavalent chromium is removed in the anion-exchange unit. If so desired, since the water has been deionized, it can be recycled as high-purity rinse water. 

Filters of this type can be incorporated in recycling and coolant reclamation systems ranging from 220 litres to 13,500 litres capacity. The types of fluids that may be reclaimed include water-based coolants, synthetic hydraulic fluids, water/glycol... 

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