Water reclamation and recycling

Case study I. Secondary treatment effluent from a sewage plant is processed by an integrated membrane system to supply reclaimed water for high-purity water production at a wafer manufacturing facihty in Singapore [89]. Effluent from an activated sludge 

Irrigation - Santa Rosa, California Reclaimed water is used to irrigate food 

Irrigation - Urban Irvine Ranch, Uses include landscape irrigation and toilet 

Industrial West Basin, Los Angeles The West Basin recycling project was built to serve the big 3 oil refineries in Los Angeles with reclaimed water in lieu of groundwater. Reclaimed water is used in cooling towers and as make-up for high-pressure boilers. 

Groundwater WF 210, Orange Reclaimed water is injected into a potable 

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Several aspects of water treatment are becoming more important, especially as pressures increase for water reclamation and recycle. These include the emergence of increased amounts of exotic contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, personal care products, household chemicals, disinfection by-products, and nanomaterials, those in a size range of 1-100 mn used increasingly in applications such as the delivery of pharmaceuticals. 

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