Socio-economic groups

Lundberg, L. et al. (1998), Effects of user charges on the use of prescription medicines in different socio-economic groups , Health Policy, 44, 123-34. 

J. S. Crowther, B. S. Drasar, M. J. Hill, R. Maclennan, D. Magnin, S. Peach and C. H. Teoh-chan, Faecal steroids and bacteria and large bowel cancer in Hong Kong by socio-economic groups, Br. J. Cancer, 1976, 34(2), 191. 

A major benefit of water fluoridation to children is that it reduces disparities between socio-economic groups [133,134], Children in lower socio-economic groups tend to suffer more severely from dental caries, and though the reasons for this are not clear, the result has been confirmed in many parts of the world. Children in these groups therefore benefit enormously from fluoridation of the water supply and in areas where the water supply is fluoridated, the differences in dental caries experience between the social classes are much less than in non-fluoridated areas [135],... 

In a cohort study of 6,000 children that investigated the effect of maternal smoking together with socio-economic status and low birth order on the risk of allergic disease, maternal smoking was found to be an additional risk factor for wheeze primarily in low socio-economic groups [293(Ib)]. 

Adequately powered, randomised, controlled studies to investigate the potential benefit of low-allergen domestic environments in patients with allergic disease are needed. Such studies should also address compliance, cost-effectiveness and be of adequate length (e.g. 12 months) and tailored for different socio-economic groups and age groups. 

Hansen ON, Trillingsgaard A, Beese I, et al A neuropsychological study of children with elevated dentine lead level assessment of the effect of lead in different socio-economic groups. Neurotoxicol Teratol 11 205-213, 1989 Haritos NP Chronic lead intoxication a report of 21 treated cases at Children s Hospital. Clinical Proceedings of the Children s Hospital 17 110-115,1961 Harvey PC, Hamlin MW, Kumar R Blood lead, behaviour and intelligence test performance in preschool children. Sci Total Environ 40 45-60, 1984 Hawk BA, Schroeder SR, Robinson G, et al Relation of lead and social factors to IQ of low-SES children a partial replication. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 91 178-183, 1986... 

Indeed, the most important factor that affects the future estimates of climate is the (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases and all kind of aerosols. The amount of these products released into the atmosphere depends upon the socio-economical and technological development of humankind. Thus, different hypotheses about these evolutions are assumed, resulting in several emission scenarios. The scenarios used in the IPCC AR4 derive from a Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) published earlier [2]. All these scenarios can be grouped in four families (storylines) that are named Al, A2, Bl, and B2. 

Zollitsch W. (2003). Working group report Poultry production constraints and recommendations for enhancing health, welfare and food safety , in Hovi M., Martini A. and Padel S., Socio-Economic Aspects of Animal Health andFood Safety in Organic Farming System, Proceeding of the 1st SAFO Workshop 5-7 September 2003, Florence, Italy. University of Reading. 

Crowding of adolescents and low socio-economic status have been associated with streptococcal group A infections. Frequent swimmers are at risk for chronic ear infections caused by Pseudomonas sp. 

To illustrate this fact, one simply needs to ask, to what extent is the consequence of a child developing cancer more severe than that for an elderly person or how probable is exposure to a chemical product for a consumer who cannot read instructions Answering such questions involves considering many socio-economic variables the interpretation of data may vary significantly between individuals or societal groups. 

Patients suffering from alcoholic liver cirrhosis in the Child-Pugh C stage may well have a chance of liver transplantation. However, prerequisites are (I.) a minimum period of 6 months and (predictable) continued abstention, (2.) emotional stability, (2.) stable socio-economic situation, (4.) no other alcohol-induced organ damage, and (5.) subsequent psychotherapeutic support. Treatment results are no worse than in non-alcoholic patients the five-year survival rate is about 70% in both groups, the alcohol relapse rate is about 10%. Without liver transplantation, the survival rate with continued alcohol consumption was 40% after 5 years, and when abstention was maintained, it was 63%. (42, 79, 103, 111, 113, 141)... 

This chapter deals with the documentation of traditional ethnobotanical knowledge of rural communities and phyto-sociology of ethnobotanical resources of district Kachchh in western India with a major objective of setting up conservation priorities of ethnobotanical resources. We recorded the ethnobotanical knowledge from about 900 respondents spread across various age groups, gender, educational and socio-economic strata. We documented more than 10200 information units on medicinal and non-medicinal (i.e. domestic) uses of plants. While 259 species were reported for 16 human and 10 veterinary disease classes, 193 plant species were reported for 18 domestic uses. In total 320 species were reported useful by the local communities. The availability of these species was recorded by sampling 24 representative locations in the district. Based on reports of purpose-part used combinations of species, two different indices (the Use-Value Richness, and Use-Value Diversity) were computed to record overall ethnobotanical use-values of each species. 

Until recently, anorexia nervosa was largely a disease of the affluent in white dominated societies. It is now no longer uncommon among other ethnic groups in the developed world it appears to be related more to socio-economic status than any particular racial or cultural characteristic. Furthermore, the prevalence of anorexia nervosa is rising in many non-Westem societies (Simpson 2002). 

The total intake of lead by adults and children in the general populations varies greatly as to the relative contributions from individual sources (air, water, food, soil/ dust, and others) and is partly depended on life-style and socio-economic status. Additional intake of lead will take place in certain groups from the use of tobacco and alcoholic beverages (WHO, 1995). Occupational exposure to lead occurs in many countries, especially in those with developing industries and small home-based industries. 

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