Fastness to water

DIN 54 005, DIN 54 006 Bestimmung der Wasserechtheit von Farbungen und Drucken (leichte bzw. schwere Beanspruchung). ISO 105-E01-1989 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness, Part E01 Colour fastness to water. prEN 20 105-E01-1992. 

P.Y.13 is extensively used in the rubber industry. It is fast to vulcanization and bleeding in natural rubber. Due to its excellent fastness to water the pigment can be applied for bathing articles, sponges and sealing rubbers for preservation glasses. 

Aftertreatment of substantive dyeings with cationic organic substances has lately begun to gain in importance. Improvements are obtained in particular in wetfastness properties, especially fastness to water, washing, and wet pressing, as well as fastness to perspiration and cross-dyeing. 

Test colors for fastness to water. If colorfast, humidify under tension to relax creases. 

Fixed bows must be tested for color fastness to water. Bows must be securely attached with the bar tack at the center. However, there are maximum length restrictions to consider for the loop and tail lengths of bows when used on children s clothing. 

Proton transfers from strong acids to water and alcohols rank among the most rapid chemical processes and occur almost as fast as the molecules collide with one another Thus the height of the energy barrier the activation energy for proton transfer must be quite low... 

Golorfastness to Bleaching. In fastness to hypochlorite bleachiag, ISO 10S-N01, the specimen is agitated ia a solution of sodium, calcium, or lithium hypochlorite containing 2 g/L available chlorine buffered to pH 11.0 with sodium carbonate for 1 h at 20°C and 50 1 Hquor-to-goods ratio. The specimen is tinsed ia water, hydrogen peroxide, or sodium bisulfite solution to remove free chlorine, dried, and assessed. 

Miscellaneous Fastness Tests. The fastness to hot pressiag, ISO 10S-X1 /, test is similar to the fastness to dry heat test except that the time of pressing is 15 s (again at 150, 180, and 210°C), and the test can either be carried out dry when a damp cotton fabric containing its own weight of water is placed on top of the dry test fabric, or wet when the test fabric also contains its own weight of water. 

The optimum precipitate is obtained by a more elaborate heal treatment the alloy is solution heat-treated (heated to dissolve the impurity), quenched (cooled fast to room temperature, usually by dropping it into oil or water) and finally tempered or aged for a controlled time and at a controlled temperature (to cause the precipitate to form). 

It is a consequence of the action of different pH values in the aeration cell that these cells do not arise in well-buffered media [4] and in fast-flowing waters [5-7]. The enforced uniform corrosion leads to the formation of homogeneous surface films in solutions containing Oj [7-9]. This process is encouraged by film-forming inhibitors (HCOj, phosphate, silicate, Ca and AP ) and disrupted by peptizing anions (CP, SO ") [10]. In pure salt water, no protective films are formed. In this case the corrosion rate is determined by oxygen diffusion [6,7,10]... 

The isocyanate group is more reactive than the epoxy group in that it will react at room temperature with water and hydroxyl groups as well as with amine groups. However, the latter reaction is too fast to be practicable so the standard two-pack coatings are based on isocyanate and polyhydroxyl prepolymers such as hydroxyl terminated polyesters or polyethers as in the last example given in the section on epoxy resins. 

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