Municipal drinking water

The maximum allowed concentration of chloride in a municipal drinking water supply is 2.50 X 10 ppnr Ch. When the supply of water exceeds this limit, it often has a distinctive salty taste. What is this concentration in moles Ck/liter ... 

Fig. 42.9. Observed and simulated histograms of the waiting time (days) in a municipal drinking water laboratory for 3 units and the total laboratory...

Werber, D., Lausevic, D., Mugosa, B., Vratnica, Z., Ivanovic-Nikolic, L., Zizic, L., Alexandre-Bird, A., Fiore, L., Ruggeri, F. M., Di Bartolo, I., Battistone, A., Gassilloud, B., et al. (2009). Massive outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of municipal drinking water in a European capital dty. Epidemiol. Infect. 137,1713-1720. 

Ozocarb A process for purifying municipal drinking water by treatment with ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and activated carbon. Developed by Trailigaz, a subsidiary of Compagnie General des Eaux. 

Sodium fluoride (NaF), in the concentration of one ppm, is added to municipal drinking water to help reduce tooth decay. It is also used as an insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide, as well as in the manufacture of adhesives, disinfectants, and dental products. 

Chlorine s best-known characteristic is its smell. It can be detected when used as household bleach or as an antiseptic in swimming pools. As an antiseptic, it is added to municipal drinking water supplies. Chlorine gas has a very pungent odor that is suffocating when inhaled. In a more concentrated form, Cl was also a deadly poisonous gas used in combat during World War I. Because it combines with so many other elements, particularly metals, chlorine is fundamental to many industries, particularly the plastics industry. 

Pablos M, Rodriguez-Calleja JM, Santos JA et al (2009) Occurrence of motile Aeromonas in municipal drinking water and distribution of genes encoding virulence factors. Int J Food Microbiol 135(2) 158-164... 

In 1989, a 510-liter/min Perox-Pure system used 15 kW of power to remove trichloroethene (TCE) from groundwater at a municipal drinking water well in Arizona. The O M costs were estimated to be approximately 0.28 per 1000 gal of water treated. Based on a price of 0.06/kWh, the unit consumed 0.11 of electricity to treat 1000 gal of drinking water. A 50% hydrogen peroxide solution at a price of 0.35/lb was added to the system. For each 1000 gal of treated water, hydrogen peroxide contributed 0.12 to the total costs. Maintenance requirements were estimated at approximately 0.05 per 1000 gal of water (D19079Y, p. 3-3 D10057S, p. 60). 

The most common form of fluoride added to municipal drinking water today is hydroflusiliric acid, H2SiF6, which is obtained from the antipollution smokestack scrubbers of the phosphate fertilizer industry. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this system If water fluoridation were banned, what... 

Vitamin B-12 deficiency affects about one-quarter of the U.S. population and is more common in the elderly.This deficiency is often undetected and can lead to devastating and irreversible complications. Should vitamin B-12 be added to municipal drinking water Why or why not ... 

Ozone is more popular than chlorine for municipal drinking water in some western European countries, where it has been used for more than 80 years. It is widely used in indoor swimming pools and spas, and also in industry, such as fish farming, fruit and vegetable wash water, waste treatment, and chemical processes. 

Currently, approximately one billion gal/day of water are desalted by reverse osmosis. Half of this capacity is installed in the United States, Europe, and Japan, principally to produce ultrapure industrial water. The remainder is installed in the Middle East and other desert regions to produce municipal drinking water from brackish groundwater or seawater. In recent years, the interfacial composite membrane has displaced the anisotropic cellulose acetate membrane in most applications. Interfacial composite membranes are supplied in spiral-wound module form the market share of hollow fiber membranes is now less than... 

Frank, R., B.S. Clegg, C. Sherman, and N.D. Chapman (1990b). Triazine and chloroacetamide herbicides in Sydenham River water and municipal drinking water, Dresden, Ontario, Canada, 1981-1987. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 19 319-324. 

Figure 30.3 Location of wells in the USGS midwestern groundwater monitoring network. (A) Location of wells (mostly drinking water) sampled in the USGS midwestern groundwater monitoring network during 1991-1994. (B) Location of municipal drinking water wells sampled in Iowa during 1995-1998.

McLachlan DRC, Bergeron C, Smith JE, et al. 1996. Risk for neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer s disease and residual aluminum in municipal drinking water employing weighted residential... 

Jackson, A., Arunagiri, S., Tock, R., Anderson, T. and Rainwater, K. (2004) Technical note Electrochemical generation of perchlorate in municipal drinking water systems. J. AWWA 96, 103-108. 

Al, the reported serum levels when available and the outcome of the patients. These data clearly demonstrate that there is an exceptional variation of the severity of symptoms, which hardly seem to correlate with neurotoxicity or serum levels. This is in part due to the fact that reported Al levels in municipal drinking water were evaluated retrospectively and that these levels can vary substantially from month to month. 

Most data indicate that low-dose hypochlorite solutions (e.g., those seen in typical municipal drinking water) do not directly contribute to the development of cancer. 

Equilibrium, by contrast, describes the final expected chemical composition in a control volume. In chemical parlance, a control volume with its chemical contents is often referred to as a system. Equilibrium is relevant in the case of reactions that are rapid compared with other environmental processes of interest. For example, if potassium hydroxide (KOE1) is added to municipal drinking water to decrease its acidity, the reaction of the potassium hydroxide and the acids present in the drinking water may be assumed to be instantaneous compared with the time it takes to transport water to customers. A... 

Other examples of accidental contamination demonstrate the potential size of outbreaks from contamination closer to the source of production or distribution. In 1993, an estimated 403,000 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, residents developed diarrhea due to Cryptosporidia contamination of the municipal drinking water system. Four thousand people required hospitalization and authorities attributed cryptosporidio-sis as the underlying or contributing cause of death for 54 Milwaukee residents (68). In 1994, cross contamination of ice cream premix transported in a truck that had carried liquid, unpasteurized eggs affected 224,000 individuals in 41 states with Salmonella enteritidis (67). In 2000, E. coli 0157 H7 contamination of the Walkerton, Ontario municipal water supply affected over 2,000 residents and caused seven deaths (68). 

How much lead is in your municipal drinking water Is platinum present in the urine of a chemotherapy patient Can plants purify water through cadmium uptake Can the amount and location of zinc ions be detected in neurons The detection of trace amounts of metal ions is a central analytical method in environmental and biological chemistry. Often, a reagent that can coordinate to a metal ion of interest is added to a sample solution and the resulting metal complex is detected using analytical instrumentation. Electrochemical and fluorescence detection are two of the most sensitive methods. 

O Neill HJ, Pollock TL, Brun GL, et al. 1992. Toxic chemical survey of municipal drinking water sources in Atlantic Canada 1985-1988. Water Poll Res J Canada 27(4) 715-732. 

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