Wastewater production

Mattigod, S., Mercury remediation A tiny solution to a big problem—using nanotechnology for adsorbing mercury, Water and Wastewater Products, 9, 20-24. 

A mathematical formulation based on uneven discretization of the time horizon for the reduction of freshwater utilization and wastewater production in batch processes has been developed. The formulation, which is founded on the exploitation of water reuse and recycle opportunities within one or more processes with a common single contaminant, is applicable to both multipurpose and multiproduct batch facilities. The main advantages of the formulation are its ability to capture the essence of time with relative exactness, adaptability to various performance indices (objective functions) and its structure that renders it solvable within a reasonable CPU time. Capturing the essence of time sets this formulation apart from most published methods in the field of batch process integration. The latter are based on the assumption that scheduling of the entire process is known a priori, thereby specifying the start and/or end times for the operations of interest. This assumption is not necessary in the model presented in this chapter, since water reuse/recycle opportunities can be explored within a broader scheduling framework. In this instance, only duration rather start/end time is necessary. Moreover, the removal of this assumption allows problem analysis to be performed over an unlimited time horizon. The specification of start and end times invariably sets limitations on the time horizon over which water reuse/recycle opportunities can be explored. In the four scenarios explored in... 

Generally, wastewater is produced at the end of a batch and then reused for the processing of a subsequent batch of material. In general, the unit operation considered in wastewater minimisation in batch processes both consumes and produces water. Furthermore, the operations considered are generally mass transfer type processes, where mass is transferred to the water stream due to the operation occurring in a unit. In such operations wastewater reuse between the various units is governed by timing considerations and inlet and outlet concentration limitations. However, in processes where water consumption and wastewater production do not occur in the same operation, a unique opportunity arises in that the wastewater could be reused in the operations that consume water. 

The sources of wastewater generation in petroleum refineries have been discussed previously in this chapter. Table 5 presents a qualitative evaluation of wastewater flow and characteristics by fundamental refinery processes [5]. The trend of the industry has been to reduce wastewater production by improving the management of the wastewater systems. Table 6 shows waste-water loadings and volumes per unit fundamental process throughput in older, typical, and newer technologies [15]. Table 7 shows typical wastewater characteristics associated with several refinery processes [16]. 

The tire and inner tube manufacturing industry has several potential areas for wastewater production, but water recycle is used extensively. The major area for water use is in processes... 

Application of membrane reactors for degradation of organic compounds via photocatalysis, treatment of wastewater, production of bioactive high added value compounds, and biomedical treatments are discussed. 

The process has a MEG yield of 99%+. Compared to the thermal glycol process, steam consumption and wastewater production are relatively low, the latter because no contaminated process steam is generated. 

Average Sanitary Wastewater Production in Residential Sources... 

Table 1.7 shows average sanitary wastewater production in residential areas. Note that the normalization is per person (per capita means per person). 

Institutional facilities include those from institutions such as hospitals, prisons, schools and rest homes. Table 1.9 shows wastewater production from these and other institutional facilities. Again, note the scheme of normalization per employee, per customer, per seat, per meal served, etc. 

Wastewaters may also be produced from recreational use but on a year-round basis. Hotels and motels in Florida and the Philippines, for example, are not seasonal. They provide year-round services. Wastewaters in these places are best classified as commercial. Hotels in Ocean Cify are definitely seasonal thus, their wastewaters are recreational. Tablel.lO shows wastewater production resulting from recreational use. 

The production of industrial wastewaters depends upon the type of processes involved. Table 1.11 shows industrial wastewater productions in some industrial... 

Sources of Wastewater Production. Large quantities of water are required in the palm oil milling operations. It is estimated that about 1 ton of water (including boiler feedwater) is required to process 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches. Obviously, a great... 

The average wastewater production for per 100 lb of cmde oil processed is 14.1 lb. The total amount of wastewater produced by the U.S. edible oil industry on a yearly basis (based on 1993 production data) is 23.02 million gallons. In addition, currently 106,890 tons of used bleaching clay is disposed of The disposal sites for this kind of sohd waste is limited. The used bleaching clay is regularly trucked to the disposal site. 

Editor, Water and wastewater products 2004 Buyer s guide. Environmental Protection (2003). 

Yaginuma patented interfacial membranes made by condensation of poly-alicyclic diisocyanates and diacyl halides with polyethylenimine or polyepia-mine.44 This approach was claimed to provide high organic rejections simultaneously with low salt rejections, whereas comparative data for typical aromatic diisocyanates or diacyl halides showed high rejections for both types of solutes. However, only a wastewater product, naphthalenesulfonic acid/formaldehyde condensate, was used in the testing of such membranes. 

Table I. Wastewater production in various Asian countries (ESCAP, 2000).

Refineries use large quantities of water. Wastewater production is strongly determined by the process configuration, but for a refinery with cooling water recycle, a production of approximately 3.5-5 m per ton of crude can be taken. Uncontrolled discharge of refinery effluent is no longer possible therefore, various treatment stages are required in each petrochemical industry. 

Wilkie AC, Castro HF, CubisnM KR, Owens JM, Yan SC (2004) Fixed-film anaerobic digestion of flushed dairy manure after primary treatment wastewater production and characterisation. Biosyst Eng 89 457 71... 

The production of many organic compounds requires the chlorination of feedstock chemicals (Table 3.3). This yields untreated wastewater that contains significant amounts of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, propanes, ethylenes, and propylenes. Other related processes such as chlorohydrina-tion and oxychlorination result in similar wastewater products. Furthermore, the use of vinyl chloride in the production of acrylic fibers and polyvinyl chloride resins yields chlorinated ethanes and ethylenes, whereas the production of epoxy resins results in the formation of dichloropropane and dichloropropylene through the use of epichlorohydrin (Wise and Fahrent-hold, 1981). 

---