Appropriateness of technology

Standards have been a part of technology since building began, both at a scale that exceeded the capabiUties of an individual, and for a market other than the immediate family. Standardization minimizes disadvantageous diversity, assures acceptabiUty of products, and faciUtates technical communication. There are many attributes of materials that are subject to standardization, eg, composition, physical properties, dimensions, finish, and processing. Implicit to the realization of standards is the availabiUty of test methods and appropriate caUbration techniques. Apart from physical or artifactual standards, written or paper standards also must be considered, ie, their generation, promulgation, and interrelationships. 

Based on the screening activities, several alternatives may be identified which are viable options for the cleanup of the site. These alternatives can consist of an individual technology or a combination of technologies which appear to be appropriate for the given site conditions and appear to be capable of meeting the cleanup objectives. 

With the changing face of technology, it is imperative that service departments keep up to date with the latest practices. Training should not be restricted to any specific individual but should include engineers, technicians, craftsmen and, where appropriate, semi-skilled staff. 

In many Mediterranean countries, water reuse regulations to be applied have long been uncertain. Several countries have not yet set up their own water reuse regulations. This raises doubts about the credibility of water reuse criteria and thus about the treatment technologies to be used and the reliability and appropriateness of those aheady implemented. The result is that in several countries, a number of planned water reuse projects are getting postponed. 

A wide range of technologies for the reclamation of wastewater for reuse is available (Fig. 2). The choice of the appropriate technology for a given project... 

Y Irradiation has proven useful for many lactide/glycolide formulations. This again is an extension of technology from the biodegradable suture field. The appropriate dose of y irradiation must be determined for each new drug delivery product (57). The D value, the amount of irradiation in Mrads needed to achieve a 90% reduction in the microorganism population, can be determined from Eq. (1) ... 

Wastewaters containing chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) are very toxic for aquatic system even at concentrations of ppm levels [1] thus, appropriate treatment technologies are required for processing them to non-toxic or more biologically amenable intermediates. Catalytic wet oxidation can offer an alternative approach to remove a variety of such toxic organic materials in wet streams. Numerous supported catalysts have been applied for the removal of aqueous organic wastes via heterogeneous wet catalysis [1,2]. 

Policy instruments (see Table 19.5) to meet the various sustainability targets may be classified into infrastructure investment, traffic demand management (TDM), regulation, pricing and support research and development (R D) in new technologies. Each of these measures consists of several variants, which will, however, not be considered in detail in this volume. The following matrix undertakes an attempt to propose the appropriateness of the various classes of policy measures to meet specific subobjectives of a sustainable transport development. 

For all future activities, and in order to achieve sustainable management of water resources, including related soil and sediment compartments, the strategy to be followed should involve (i) the precautionary principle, (ii) polluter pays principle and (iii) application of the best available techniques (BATs) and best environmental practices, including where appropriate, clean technologies. 

Where LNAPL is situated at shallow depth (<20 ft or 6 m), in moderate to high permeability soil (> 10 s cm/s), a well-point system may be the appropriate recovery technology. The use of well points for LNAPL recovery is similar to construction dewatering. A major advantage to this type of system is that it is possible to lower... 

Is the BCS that was developed with reference to chemically characterized and well-defined synthetic drug substances relevant for application and or adoption to botanical preparations (8) If one assumes, as is reasonable, that bioavailability of the active component(s) in a botanical dosage form depends on both solubility and permeability, the solubility of the botanical extract could be controlled through appropriate formulation technology and dissolution testing. The applicability of the BCS to botanical preparations will certainly be increasingly researched, debated, and discussed in the coming years. 

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