Toxic radioactive waste

Applicability Most hazardous waste slurried in water can be mixed directly with cement, and the suspended solids will be incorporated into the rigid matrices of the hardened concrete. This process is especially effective for waste with high levels of toxic metals since at the pH of the cement mixture, most multivalent cations are converted into insoluble hydroxides or carbonates. Metal ions also may be incorporated into the crystalline structure of the cement minerals that form. Materials in the waste (such as sulfides, asbestos, latex and solid plastic wastes) may actually increase the strength and stability of the waste concrete. It is also effective for high-volume, low-toxic, radioactive wastes. 

Cohen Y, Cooter EJ (2002) Multimedia environmental distribution of toxics (Mend-Tox). I. Hybrid compartmental-spatial modeling framework. Pract Periodical Hazard Toxic Radioactive Waste Manag 6(2) 70-86... 

J. Wescott, R. Nelson, A. Wagh, and D. Singh, Low-level and mixed radioactive waste in-drum solidification, Practice Periodical Hazardous, Toxic, Radioactive Waste Mgmt, 2 [1] (1998) 4-7. 

Galluzzo M, Banerji S, Bajpai R, Smampalli R (1999) Pract Period Hazard. Toxic Radioact Waste Manag 3 163... 

B. Dahr Azma and C.N. Mulligan, Pract. Periodical Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste Manage., 8 (2004) 166. 

Soh, I. Hettiaratchi, J. 2009. Potential lateral migration of leachate in fludting bioreactor landfills during aggressive leachate recirculation. Pract. Period. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste Manage. 13. SPECIAL ISSUE Advances in Solid Waste Management Technology 174-178. 

Nuclear Waste Management. Separation of radioactive wastes provides a number of relatively small scale but vitally important uses of gas-phase purification appHcations of adsorption. Such appHcations often require extremely high degrees of purification because of the high toxicity of... 

Reduction of cnviromncntal pollution requires lower energy use and new technology to decrease emission of gases such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, and to prevent toxic fluoride, heavy metal, and radioactive wastes from discharging into the environment. 

Sekimoto H, Nakamura H, Takagi N. 1996. Toxicity of radioactive wastes discharged from nuclear energy center in the future equilibrium state. Ann Nucl Energy 23(8) 663-668. 

The existence of waste from past activities has created problems that will demand the attention of chemists and chemical engineers. Environmental cleanup —of toxic wastes, of contaminated groundwater, of radioactive waste—is a daunt-... 

This is acceptable only for very toxic materials and radioactive wastes from the nuclear industry. 

Bennett, P. D., Brumbach, B., Farmer, T. W., Funkhouser, P. L., and Hatheway, A. W., 1999, Remedy Selection for Cleanup of Uncontrolled Waste Sites Practical Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, Vol. 3, No. 1, January, pp. 23-34. 

Hansen, W. J., Orth, K. D., and Robinson, R. K., 1998, Cost Effectiveness and Incremental Cost Analyses Alternative to Benefit-Cost Analysis for Environmental Projects Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management, January, pp. 8-12. 

Common hazardous wastes include (a) waste oil, (b) solvents and thinners, (c) acids and bases/alkalines, (d) toxic or flammable paint wastes, (e) nitrates, perchlorates, and peroxides, (f) abandoned or used pesticides, and (g) some wastewater treatment sludges. Special hazardous wastes include (a) industrial wastes containing the USEPA priority pollutants, (b) infectious medical wastes, (c) explosive military wastes, and (d) radioactive wastes or releases. 

Health officials are increasingly concerned about disposal of infectious, radioactive, and toxic medical wastes that have become major components in the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases. Legal complications in handling medical wastes are another issue. There are, for example, no federal regulations for disposal of medical waste. State and local regulations are widely divergent. 

Galluzo, M.J. Baniji, S.K. Bajpai, R. SurampaUi, R.Y. Atrazine removal through hiofiltration. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Manage. 1999, 3, 163. 

Potential applications for CA-CDI technology include the purification of boiler water for fossil and nuclear power plants, volume reduction of liquid radioactive waste, treatment of agricultural wastewater containing pesticides and other toxic compounds, creation of ultrapure water for semiconductor processing, treatment of wastewater from electroplating operations, desalination of seawater, and removal of salt from water for agricultural irrigation. 

The process will not accommodate mixed or radioactive wastes. There may be limitations on the amount of other toxic heavy metals present in the waste. 

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY. That aspect of chemistry concerned with air and water pollution, pesticides, and chemical and radioactive waste disposal. A random selection of specific areas of research includes. (l)Lead and other toxic chemicals in the air. 

Transuranic Waste. Much of DOE s transuranic radioactive waste is classified as hazardous waste under RCRA and is managed as mixed waste (DOE, 1999b). Many transuranic wastes are hazardous due to the presence of toxic heavy metals or organic chemicals introduced into the waste during processing of plutonium. 

Some existing waste classification systems are quantitative. For example, the concentrations of radionuclides defining the different subclasses of low-level radioactive waste that is generally acceptable for near-surface disposal are clearly stated in the regulations (NRC, 1982a), as are the quantitative conditions defining ignitable, corrosive, reactive, and toxic hazardous chemical wastes (see Section 4.2.1.1). 

Disposals Final placement or destruction of toxic, radioactive, or other wastes surplus or banned pesticides or other chemicals polluted soils and drums containing hazardous materials from removal actions or accidental releases. Disposal may be accomplished through use of approved secure landfills, surface... 

Beyond these impacts, more advanced nanotechnology may allow active remediation of many environmental problems. For example, toxic wastes in contaminated aquifers may be neutralized by specially designed nano-robots (nanobots) that selectively capture undesirable molecules and then either sequester them for removal or break them down into harmless substances [114,118,119,124]. While nano-devices cannot, for example, render radioactive materials non-radioactive, they could capture molecules of radioactive waste and concentrate them into a form that would be easily removed [31-33]. 

According to the distributor, it is also possible to address geochemical problems, environmental pollution in soil, air and water, and impact of toxic, nontoxic and radioactive waste disposals with the implementation of several modules from the program SUPCRT 92 (Johnson et al. 1992). 

---